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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the nasal cavity do in the respiratory system?
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Warms and filters air
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What does the oral cavity do in the respiratory system?
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Humidifes air
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What does the trachea do in the respiratory system?
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Conducts air to 2 primary bronchi which begin as extrapulmonary segments
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How many generations of bronchi and bronchioles are there?
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9-12
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In order to see the lungs what needs to be removed?
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-Ribcage
-External lining of the lungs, the pleura, removed -Extrapleural fat, for the most part removed |
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Which of the two lungs is largest?
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The right lung
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How many lobes does each lung have?
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Left lung - 2
Right lung - 3 |
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Where is the heart found in the chest?
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Left of the midline
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Which primary bonchi (right or left) is largest?
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Right
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What do the pulmonary arteries do?
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Bring oxygen-poor blood at low pressure to the lung
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Where does oxygenation occur?
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In pulmonary capillaries
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How is oxygenated blood returned to the heart?
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Via pulmonary veins
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How do pulmonary arteries run and branch?
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Pulmonary arteries run alongside the conducting airway, branching when the airway branches
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How do pulmonary veins run?
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Pulmonary veins run in connective tissue septae, NOT along conducting airway
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What do bronchial arteries do?
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Bronchial arteries bring a small volume of blood (1%) at systemic pressure to the walls of the conducting airway to provide oxygen and nutrients to the parenchyma
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How does blood return to the heart from the lungs?
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Blood returns via bronchial veins, or joins pulmonary capillaries at the end of the bronchiolar tree
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Where do intrapulmonary (deep) bronchial veins and superficial bronchial veins empty?
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Intrapulmonary (deep) bronchial veins empty into pulmonary veins
Superficial bronchial veins join the azygos and hemiazygos veins in the thorax |
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What are the two layers of the pleura and where are they located?
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-The visceral layer of the pleura (arrow) is the airtight capsule of the lung
-The parietal layer of the pleura lines the thoracic cavity |
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What is the normal conditions of the space between the two pleura?
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Normally collapsed and empty
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What happens if air leaks into the space between the two pleura?
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"Pneumothroax"
Lungs may collapse |
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What are the two portions of the respiratory system?
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1. Conducting Portion - takes air where it needs to be
2. Respiratory Portion - where exchange occurs |
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What are the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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1. Nose
2. Sinuses 3. Pharynx 4. Larynx 5. Trachea 6. Bronchi 7. Bronchioles to the terminal bronchiole |
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What are the components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
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1. Respiratory bronchiole
2. Alveolar Duct 3. Alveoli |
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What is the vestibule of the nose?
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Nostril
Takes in air |
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What is the medial nasal septum?
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Divides the nostrils
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What are the nasal conchae and what do they do?
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-Inner folds of the nasal cavity
-3 - superior, middle and inferior -Mix and moisten the air -hair in the inferior aspect of the nostril helps to filter the air and mucous from glands helps to catch particulate |
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What types of cells are found in the nose and nasal cavity?
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ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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What is the histology of the olfactory mucosa?
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Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia overlying a thick lamina propria containing numerous mucous and serous (Bowman's) producing glands
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What types of cells are found in the olfactory epithelium?
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1. Bipolar neurons
2. Sustentacular cells 3. Basal cells |
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What are the bipolar neurons of the olfactory epithelium?
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Form the beginning of the olfactory nerve as their axons group together
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What are the sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium?
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Provide support, nourishment and electrical insulation for the olfactory cells
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What are the basal cells of the olfactory epithelium?
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Stem cells that replace both the sustentacular and olfactory cells. Lifespan of these cells is less than a year
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What is the overall structure of the lining of the conductive portion of the respiratory system?
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-Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells. As a progression is made to smaller bronchi and bronchioles the epithelium becomes smaller changing to columnar and then to cuboidal.
-Extensive lamina propria -The mucosa (two layers above) sometimes is separated from the submucosa by a layer of elastic fibers -Submucosa contains numerous glands and/or smooth muscle fibers -Either perichondrium or periosteum -In the case of the perichondrium there is cartilage with an underlying adventitia -In the case of periosteum there is bone |
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What is the overall structure of the maxillary sinus?
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Relatively thin lamina propria and then periosteum
No submucosa, smooth muscle layer or adventitia Lamina propria abuts the periosteum of the maxilla |
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What is the overall structure of the trachea...
Where does it begins, how many rings does it have, and what layers cover it? |
-Begins at cricoid cartilage until it divides into the two primary bronchi
-Contains 10-12 "C" shaped tracheal rings -In the adult the posterior aspect of the rings is closed by connective tissue and the trachealis muscle -Trachea has three basic layers composed of the mucosa, submucosa and adventitia |
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In what directions do the cartilage rings of the trachea open and what spans the ring?
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Rings open facing the esophagus
Trachealis (smooth) muscle spans opening in ring |
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In the adult what does the trachealis approximate and how does it alter the airflow?
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In the adult, the trachealis approximates the two ends of the cartilage decreasing the size of the airway and increasing speed of airflow. Assists in dislodging of foreign material and/or mucous
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What are the different histological areas of the trachea?
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-Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-Thick basement membrane -No muscularis mucosa -Sero-mucous glands in submucosa -Thick layer of elastic fibers that separates the mucosa from the submucosa -Hyaline cartilage in adventitia holds airway open |
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What type of cells compose the epithelium of the trachea?
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Pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells and cilia
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What type of cell compose the lamina propria of the trachea?
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-loose, fibroelastic connective tissue
-contains lymphoid elements -mucous and seromucous glands -dense layer of elastic fibers, the elastic lamina - separates the lamina propria from the underlying submucosa |
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What types of cells compose the submucosa of the trachea?
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Dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue housing numerous mucous and seromucous glands
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What types of cells compose the adventitia of the trachea?
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-Houses C-rings of hyaline cartilage
-Composed of a fibroelastic connect tissue -Trachealis muscle (S.M.) |
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What are the cell types found in the tracheal (bronchial) epithelium?
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Ciliated cells
Mucous cells Basal cells Brush cells Serous and neuroendocrine |
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What do the basal cells of the trachea do?
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The progenitor cells for much of the remainder of the population
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What do the serous cells of the trachea do?
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Produce a serous (water, proteinaceous) type fluid
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What do the mucous cells of the trachea do?
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Produce mucous
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What do the ciliated cells of the trachea do?
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beat towards the oral cavity
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What do the brush cells of the trachea do?
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Function largely unknown.
Some believe they are sensory cells. Others believe they are degranulated small mucous producing cell |
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What is the mucous escalator?
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-A cooperation of serous, mucous and ciliated cells
-Present in the trachea and largest bronchi -Serous secretions produced by the submucosal seromucous glands provide a watery environment in which cilia may beat easily -A layer of mucus floats on the serous secretion -Debris is trapped in the mucus and swept up the in the airway where it can be swallowed or coughed out |
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What are the functions of the neuroendocrine cells found in the trachea and bronchi?
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-In fetal life they act as mitogenic centers. The other cells in the epithelium develop outward from the early NEC's, although NEC's are not the stem cells
-In post-fetal life they detect hypoxia (low oxygen) and release substances ( such as neurotransmitters) basally to affect underlying tissue, i.e. blood vessels and smooth muscle |
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Through what procedure are neuroendocrine cell bodies best visualized?
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The use of Ab-Ag localization procedures
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What are the three important features of the neuroendocrine cells found in the trachea and bronchi?
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1. Secrete neurotransmitters
2. Detect low oxygen levels 3. Highly malignant |
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What are the characteristics of the bronchi (bronchus)?
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-Bronchi(B) resemble the trachea except that cartilage is arranged in plates, not rings
-Multiple generations (9-12) of bronchi eventually give rise to bronchioles |
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What is the morphology of the bronchi?
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-epithelial lining of the bronchi is primarily pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells and the other cells described for the trachea
-As the bronchi get smaller the amount of cartilage decreases as the amount of smooth muscle increases |
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What is metaplasia?
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-Chronic abuse by pollution or tobacco smoke can result in transformation of the epithelium to a stratified squamous epithelium in the trachea and bronchi
-Condition is reversible; mucous and basal cells are stem cells and replenish the epithelium -Metaplasia can progress to cancer |
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How does squamous cell lung cancer develop and where is most common?
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-Often develops from regions of squamous metaplasia
-Most common in smokers or those exposed to smoke |
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What are characteristics of bronchioles and how are they different from bronchi?
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-Bronchus has cartilage, bronchiole does not
-Epithelium starts to become shorter -Smooth muscle replaces cartilage in bronchiole. The amount of smooth muscles, relative to size, increases in the bronchiole vs. the bronchus -Bronchus has lots of ciliated cells, bronchiole has lots of domed Clara cells |
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What are the cells found in bronchioles?
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-Epithelium ranges from simple columnar in the larger bronchioles to simple cuboidal in the respiratory bronchioles
-New cell type: Clara cells; other epithelial cells diminish in frequency -No submucosal glands -Muscularis replaces cartilage |
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What are Clara (domed) cells?
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-Some of the cells have very blunt microvilli
-Make serous secretion that replaces serous fluid from submucosal glands (not present at the level of the bronchiole) -Produces surfactant type substances that reduces surface tension of the cells and facilitates patency of the opneing -Detoxify noxious gasses and can be damaged by them -Serve as the stem cells for the bronchiolar epithelium |
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What defines the transition to the respiratory zone?
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-Terminal bronchioles are the last part of the purely conducting airway
-Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli interrupting the bronchiolar epithelium |
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What causes asthma?
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-Respiratory allergies (ie to dust) can cause contraction of muscularis in bronchioles and massive infiltration of eosinophils (esp. in kids)
-Respiratory irritiation (ie cold air) can also cause contraction of muscularis (esp. in adults) |
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What are the functions and characteristics of the alveoli?
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-Gas exchange takes place between blood in the pulmonary capillaries within the alveolar wall and the air in the lumen of the alveolus
-Two main cell types: Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes -Alveolar macrophages patrol the surface of alveolus to phagocytose debris that has escaped being trapped by the mucus and cilia higher up in the airway |
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What are the characteristics of the pores of the alveoli (pores of Kohn)?
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-The pores of Kohn allow air to equilibrate between alveoli
-They also allow alveolar macrophages to crawl from one alveolus to the next |
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What are the characteristics of two types of pneumocytes found in the alveoli?
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-Type I and Type II pneumocytes comprise the lining of the alveolar sacs
-Type 1 pneumocytes are squamous, joined by tight junctions, fusiform -Type 2 pneumocytes are rounded and bulky and contain numerous inclusions referred to as lamellar bodies, round |
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What is the main function of Type 1 pneumocytes?
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The majority of exchange of carbond dioxide and oxygen, from the capillary to the alveolar sac, takes place across the membrane of the Type I cells.
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What are the effects of emphysema on the lungs?
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-Elasticity of alveoli depends on elastic fibers in the alveolar wall
-Pollutants like tobacco smoke upset the balance of elastin/elastase and alveolar sacs rupture -When alveoli heal they are enlarge, and surface area is reduced -Gas exchange is insufficient, even with high oxygen |
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What are the functions of Type II pneumocytes?
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-Make surfactant, a detergent-like substance
-Surfactant is stored in lamellar bodies -Facilitates the patency of the alveolar sacs -Type 2 cells are also the stem cells for the alveolus |
