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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long is the digestive tract?
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10 m or 32.5'
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What are the parts of the digestive tract?
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Mouth
Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anal Region |
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What are the assisting organs in the digestive system?
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Salivary Glands
Liver Gall Bladder Pancreas |
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What is the purpose of the digestive system?
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To break down/digest food so the nutrients in it can be absorbed into cells.
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What is the definition of mechanical digestion?
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The physical crushing, grinding and mixing of food.
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What is chemical digestion?
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The breaking of chemical bonds.
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What are different type of food particles?
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Water, vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
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What food particles do not need to go through chemical digestion?
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Water, vitamins and minerals.
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What food particles need to go through chemical digestion?
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Fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
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What are the different cells in the stomach?
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Smooth muscle cells
Gastric gland cells Goblet cells |
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What do the smooth muscle cells do?
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They contract, making the cells shorten.
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What do the gastric gland cells do?
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They produce hydrochloric acid and other chemicals to digest food.
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What do the goblet cells do?
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They produce mucin that covers the stomach lining, protecting it from the hydrochloric acid and other chemicals.
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What are the different tissues in the stomach?
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Stomach lining and smooth muscle.
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What cells comprise the stomach lining and what does it do?
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The stomach lining is composed of gastric gland cells and goblet cells. They form the stomach lining and enable it to release digestive chemicals.
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What does smooth muscle in the stomach do?
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There are several layers of smooth muscle in the stomach running in different directions. They contract, and allow the stomach to mix food with digestive juices.
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What does the stomach do?
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The stomach lining and smooth muscle allow the stomach to break down food physically and chemically?
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What is the purpose of the digestive system?
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The overall purpose of the digestive system is to break down food so nutrients can be absorbed.
The stomach contributes to this because of the cells and tissues that do those jobs. |
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What are carbohydrate molecules made of?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
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What are carbohydrates used for?
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They are broken down into glucose, which is used in cellular respiration to create energy.
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What are lipids composed of?
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Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. But very little of the latter.
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Why are lipids important?
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They provide more energy than carbohydrates.
They help in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). They are an important part of the cell membrane. |
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What happens to excess carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?
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They are stored as adipose tissue.
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What happens to excess glucose?
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It is converted to the starch, glycogen, for storage in the liver.
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What are proteins composed of?
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
They sometimes contain sulphur, iron, copper and phosphorus. |
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Why are proteins important?
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They are used as amino acids (building material).
Enzymes are special proteins. |
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What are vitamins?
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They are organic compounds needed for certain cell functions.
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What are minerals?
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They are inorganic compounds needed to make enzymes. They help control cell processes.
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What mass of our body is water?
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70%
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How much water passes through our body each day?
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2 - 4L
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What is water used for?
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A solvent, lubrication, transportation and temperature regulation.
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How long is the small intestine?
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Seven meters. It is the longer intestine but has a smaller diameter.
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What is peristalsis? What is it used for?
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Ring shaped muscles open and close, pushing food through. This occurs in the esophagus and small intestine.
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What occurs in the small intestine?
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Chemical digestion of proteins and larger sugar molecules.
Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. |
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What does the liver do?
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It creates bile, which enters into the duodenum and breaks up fat and oil molecules.
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What does the gall bladder do?
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It stores the liver bile until it is needed.
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What does the pancreas do?
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It makes several different enzymes to help digest starches, fats and proteins.
It also produces the hormone "insulin" which helps the body absorb glucose. |
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Describe the large intestine.
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The large intestine, also known as the colon, has a large diameter and is about 1.5m long.
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What does the large intestine do?
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The large intestine recycles water from the undigested material. (about 5.5L)
It produces helpful bacteria which make the vitamins K and B, and coliform which helps recycle water. |
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What is the function of the anal region?
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The rectum stores feces for about a day before it is eliminated through the anus.
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Describe the test for simple sugars (glucose).
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Add Benedict's solution to an solution of the substance. Put it in a hot water bath. If the substance turns yellow or orange, the test is positive.
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Describe the test for starches.
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Add iodine to a solution of the unknown substance. A positive test will turn black.
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Describe the test for lipids.
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A lipid will make a piece of paper translucent even after it is dry.
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Describe the test for proteins.
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Add Biuret's Reagent to a solution of the substance. After shaking, a light pink or violet colour indicates a positive test.
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What is a physical property?
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A description of a substance that does not involve forming a new substance.
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Name an example of a physical property.
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Colour, texture, density, smell, solubility, taste, melting point, and physical state.
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What is a chemical property?
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A description of what a substance does as it changes into one or more new substance(s).
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Name an example of a chemical property.
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Reaction of acid with a base, flammability, bleaching ability, corrosion.
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What is an atom?
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An atom is the smallest unit an element can be divided into.
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What are the subatomic particles?
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Protons, electrons, and neutrons.
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Describe protons.
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They have a mass of 1 AU and a positive charge. They are found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Describe electrons.
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They have no significant mass and a negative charge. They are found orbiting in shells around the nucleus of an atom.
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Describe neutrons.
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They have a mass of 1 AU and no charge. They are found in the nucleus of an atom.
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What does the atomic number represent?
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It represents the number of protons and electrons.
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What does the atomic mass represent?
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The number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
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How do you test for hydrogen gas?
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A burning splint will pop when exposed to hydrogen.
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How do you test for oxygen gas?
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A glowing splint will ignite when exposed to oxygen.
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How do you test for carbon dioxide?
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An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide will become milky when exposed to carbon dioxide.
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How and why do atoms become ions?
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They gain or lose valence electrons in order to gain a stable octet formation.
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What is an anion?
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An anion is an atom that has gained electrons and has a negative charge.
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What is a cation?
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A cation is an atom that has lost electrons and has a positive charge.
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How do you name a cation?
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Use the name of the metal followed by ion.
E.g., sodium ion |
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How do you name an anion?
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Change the ending of the non-metal to '-ide' followed by ion.
E.g., chloride ion |
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What is the most reactive metal group?
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The alkali metals.
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What happens to reactivity as you go down a group of metal elements?
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The elements become more reactive because the valence electrons are farther from the nucleus.
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What happens to reactivity as you go across a period of metal elements?
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The reactivity lessens because there is a larger nucleus pulling on the electrons.
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What happens to reactivity as you go down a group of non-metal elements?
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The elements become less reactive because the valence shell has less of an attractive force from the nucleus.
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What happens to reactivity as you go across a period of non-metals?
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The reactivity increases because there is a larger nucleus.
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Describe an ionic compound.
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It is named after the two ions that form it. It has a neutral charge because the ions balance each other out. Subscripts behind the element's symbol indicate how many ions of each element are present.
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What is the classical method of naming transition metal ions?
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Use the latin name of the element and add the suffix '-ous' if the ion has a lower charge and '-ic' if it has a higher charge.
E.g., stannous Sn2+ stannic Sn4+ |
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What is the stock method of naming transition metal ions?
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After the name of the metal, put the charge in roman numerals in brackets.
E.g., tin (II) |
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What is a binary molecular compound?
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It is a compound consisting of two different non-metals connected with covalent bonds.
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What is a diatomic molecule?
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It is a molecular compound consisting of two atoms of the same element,
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What are the diatomic molecules?
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H - hydrogen
O - oxygen F - fluorine Br - bromine I - iodine N - nitrogen Cl - chlorine |
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What are the properties of an ionic compound?
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- Cations and anions form a regular repeating pattern forming a characteristic, crystalline shape
- High melting points - Conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous solution - Not able to conduct electricity when solid |
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What are the properties of a molecular compound?
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- Strength of bond within molecule is stronger than an ionic bond, but bonds between molecules are week
- Low melting points - Do not conduct electricity |
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What is a hydrocarbon?
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A hydrocarbon is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
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What is an organic compound?
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A molecular compound containing carbon atoms as the backbone of the compound.
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Name an example of a hydrocarbon.
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Gasoline, dynamite, plastic, Aspirin, and sugar.
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How does a hydrocarbon form?
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Animal and plant remains decay and under heat and pressure, change chemically.
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What is the law of conservation of mass?
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The number of atoms in the reactants must equal the number of atoms in the products.
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What is an exothermic reaction?
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An exothermic reaction is when energy is released and the surrounding environment is warmed.
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What is an endothermic reaction?
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An endothermic reaction is when energy is absorbed and the surrounding environment is cooled.
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What are the types of chemical reactions?
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Single displacement, double displacement, synthesis, decomposition, and combustion.
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Describe a single displacement reaction.
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In a single displacement reaction, one element replaces another in a compound.
A + BC -> AC + B |
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Describe a double displacement reaction.
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In a double displacement reaction, the elements of two compounds switch.
AB(aq) + CD(aq) -> AD(s) + BS(s) |
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What must happen for a double displacement reaction to occur?
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Both compounds must begin in aqueous and one of the product reactants must be insoluble. If not, all ions will remain in solution.
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Describe a synthesis reaction.
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In a synthesis reaction, two reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product.
A + B -> AB |
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Describe a decomposition reaction.
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In a decomposition reaction, a large or more complex molecules breaks down to form two or more simpler products.
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What usually triggers a decomposition reaction?
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Thermal or electrical energy applied to the reactant.
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Describe a combustion reaction?
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In a combustion reaction, a substance and oxygen react to produce an oxide and energy.
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What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?
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Carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
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What are the products of incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon.
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Carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, carbon, and energy.
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What is an acid?
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An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions in a solution.
E.g., hydrochloric acid |
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What is a base?
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A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions in a solution.
E.g., sodium hydroxide |
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What is the pH scale used for?
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The pH scale is used to measure the acidity of a substance, with 7 being neutral.
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What is the pH of an acid?
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Acids have a pH below 7.
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What is the pH of a base?
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Bases have a pH above 7.
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What are the properties of an acid?
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- taste sour
- conduct electricity - react with metals to produce H2 - react with carbonates to produce CO2 |
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What are the properties of a base?
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- slippery
- taste bitter - conduct electricity |
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What is a neutralization reaction?
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A neutralization reaction is a special double displacement reaction where an acid and a base react to produce water and a salt.
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What are the three postulates of the cell theory?
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1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products.
2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes. 3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter. |
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Define prokaryote.
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A prokaryote is a cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
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Define eukaryote.
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A eukaryote is a cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane.
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Look at your animal cell diagram.
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Did you get them all right? No? Then this question was answered incorrectly.
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Look at your plant cell diagram.
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Did you get them all right? No? Then this question was answered incorrectly.
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Describe the nucleus.
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The nucleus has a double-layered leaky (semi-permeable) membrane. It contains the DNA. It contains the cell's 'user manual'.
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Describe the nuclear membrane.
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A thin, sheet like layer that forms the outer wall of the nucleus. It has holes that control what moves in and out of the nucleus. It separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
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Describe chromatin.
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Long strands of genetic material called DNA (dioxyribonucleic acid). It stores the instructions for the jobs of the cell.
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Bonus: What is the full name for DNA?
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Dioxyribonucleic acid! W00t!
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Describe the nucleolus.
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A dark spot in the nucleus. It produces protein "templates" for the ribosomes.
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Describe a ribosome.
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A tiny structure that sits on top of the endoplasmic reticulum. It manufactures proteins from the nucleus' instructions.
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Describe the cell membrane.
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A thin, sheet-like layer on the outside of the cell. It has holes that control what moves in and out of the cell (semi-permeable membrane). It defines the cell and controls what enters and leaves.
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Describe cytoplasm.
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A jelly-like material in the cells that supports the cell and its organelles.
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Describe the endoplasmic reticulum.
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A folded membrane that forms a series of canals (tubes) in the cell. It transports materials through the cell.
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Describe a mitochondria.
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An organelle that is somewhat bean-shaped, the mitochondria metabolizes glucose using oxygen to produce usable energy for the cell (cellular respiration).
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What is cellular respiration?
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A process that takes place in the mitochondria of a cell, cellular respiration takes oxygen and glucose and produces usable energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
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Describe a golgi body.
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Resembles stacked discs. Golgi bodies package useful materials and ship them out of the cell.
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Describe a vacuole.
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A fluid-filled sack, a vacuole stores water, food, waste or other material. Although present in both animal and plant cells, they are much more visible in plant cells.
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Describe a lysosome.
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A lysosome is a small organelle or sac that breaks down food, waste and old cell parts.
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Describe the cell wall.
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Found only in plants, the cell wall is a fibrous wall or layer that surrounds the cell outside the cell membrane. It provides support and shape for the cell and strengthens it.
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Describe a chloroplast.
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Chloroplasts are the green plant organelles where photosynthesis occurs. They make food (glucose) for the cell.
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Describe the cytoskeleton.
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A supportive network of protein fibres. It provides support and anchors cell organelles.
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Describe cilia and flagellia.
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They are hair- (cilia) or whip-like (flagellia) extensions that move objects away from the cell.
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What are three reasons for cell division?
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Reproduction, growth and repair.
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What is reproduction and what are the two ways for reproduction to occur?
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Reproduction involves the transfer genetic material from the parent(s) to the offspring.
Asexual production involves only one parent and produces a genetically identical offspring. Sexual production involves the fusion of two gametes (cells that contain half the normal dna) to produce an offspring that is a mix of its parents. |
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What is diffusion and why is it important?
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Chemicals diffuse into, throughout, and out of cells. They move from an area of higher concentration to a lower one. This must happen quickly enough for the cell to function.
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What is osmosis?
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Osmosis is the movement of fluid (usually water) across a membrane toward an area of higher solute (not fluid) concentration.
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What are the three stages of the cell cycle?
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Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
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What occurs during interphase?
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Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle where the cells is carrying out normal functions.
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What occurs during mitosis?
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Mitosis is when the DNA of a cell duplicates. It is divided into 4 phases: prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase.
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What occurs during cytokinesis?
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Cytokinesis is the dividing of cytoplasm and organelles into equal parts.
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What occurs during propohase?
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The long strands of DNA condense and become chromosomes. Chromosomes are visible under a microscope and they are double stranded. The two strands are connected by a centromere.
The nuclear membrane dissolves. The centrioles, connected by spindle fibres, spread toward the poles of the cell. |
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What occurs during metaphase?
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The centrioles have now arrived at the poles with the spindle fibres stretched between them.
The chromosomes have lined up along the equator of the cell. |
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What occurs during anaphase?
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The spindle fibres contract and the chromosomes split at the centromere. The chromosomes are pulled towards the pole.
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What occurs during telophase?
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The chromosomes at either end of the cell stretch out and become chromatin again. Two nuclear membranes form, one around each group. The spindle fibres have disappeared.
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What occurs during cytokinesis?
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The cytoplasm and organelles are split. In animal cells, the cell membrane is pinched off in the center. In plant cells, a new cell wall develops.
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What is cancer and its cause?
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Cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells. It is caused by altered DNA. Cancer cells do not enter interphase and divide rapidly.
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Define a tumour.
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A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without an obvious function.
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What is the difference between a benign tumour and a malignant tumour?
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A benign tumour is not cancerous and only crowds the surrounding cells. A malignant tumour is cancerous and interferes with the function of surrounding cells.
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What is metastasis?
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Metastasis is the process where cancer cells from the primary tumour break away and establish a tumour somewhere else in the body.
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What are different types of cancer screening?
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Mammograms - breast cancer
Prostate exam and PSA blood tests - prostate cancer Pap test - cervical cancer Endoscope - colon cancer Skin and mole exam - skin cancer |
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What are the different treatments for cancer?
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Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, biophotonics.
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What is the function of skeletal muscle?
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The muscles attached to bones. When they contract and shorten, they pull on the bones, creating motion.
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What is cardiac muscle?
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A special type of muscle found in the heart, when it contracts the heart gets smaller and pumps blood.
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What is smooth muscle?
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Found in arteries, veins, bladder, digestive and respiratory tracts, smooth muscle is not under our conscious control.
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What is a nerve (neuron)?
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Nerves form the nervous system and are connected. They send messages through the body. In the brain, neurons process information and produce thought.
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What is a red blood cell?
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A red blood cell carries blood throughout the body. It is red when carrying oxygen and blue without. This is caused by iron.
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What is a white blood cell?
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Found in the circulatory and lymph systems, white blood cells defend the body from microorganisms.
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Look at and mentally label your digestive system diagrams.
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Oh yeah, I went there.
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Describe the journey of air through the respiratory system into the blood stream.
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- Air enters through the nostrils. Hair filters out dust particles.
- The moist lining of the nasal cavity traps small particles and moistens and warms the air. - Air moves down to pharynx and into trachea. - Trachea splits into 2 bronchi, each connected to a lung. - In lungs, the bronchi split into many bronchioles. Each bronchiole ends in an air sac. - Oxygen in the air sac diffuse into surrounding capillaries; carbon dioxide diffuses out. |
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What is the percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled air?
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Oxygen - 21%
Carbon Dioxide - 0.034% |
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What is the percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in exhaled air?
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Oxygen - 16%
Carbon Dioxide - 4% |
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What happens during inhalation? Exhalation?
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When the carbon dioxide levels in the blood reaches a certain point, the brain triggers the ribs to expand out and the diaphragm to move down. When exhaling, the ribs relax in and the diaphragm moves back up.
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What does cartilage in the trachea do?
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U-shaped rings of cartilage surround the trachea to prevent it from collapsing.
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What does the ciliated mucus membrane in the trachea do?
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The ciliated and goblet cells form a thin layer that lines the respiratory tract. The mucus traps microorganisms and dust. The cilia sweeps this out of the tract.
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What does the trachea do?
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It connects the nasal cavity and pharynx to the lungs while sweeping out unwanted particles.
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What is tidal volume?
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The amount of air exchanged in normal breathing, about 500 mL.
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What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
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The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a tidal expiration. About 1000 mL.
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What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
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The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a tidal inspiration. About 3000 mL at rest.
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What is residual volume?
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The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal forced exhalation. About 1500 mL.
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What is the vital capacity?
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ERV + TV + IRV = 4500 mL
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What is the total lung capacity?
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ERV + TV + IRV + RV = 6000 mL
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What are 4 respiratory system diseases?
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Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, SARS, tuberculosis
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What is emphysema?
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Emphysema is when the air sacs have lost their elasticity and stretch. Symptoms include wheezing and breathlessness. There is no cure and the victim dies due to lack of air.
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What is chronic bronchitis?
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It is when mucus builds up in the bronchi and bronchioles. Air can no longer move through these tubes causing coughing, wheezing and breathlessness.
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What is SARS?
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SARS stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The symptoms are flu like and it is diagnosed with a chest x-ray showing pneumonia and positive lab results.
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What is tuberculosis?
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TB is an infectious disease caused by bacteria entering your body when you breath. The bacteria grow in lungs and can spread. Symptoms are fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness, and chest pain. It is diagnosed with a chest x-ray and confirmed with examination of stomach or lung secretions. It is treated with medicine in a hospital but can be fatal.
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Respiratory system diagrams. Look at them.
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More diagramzzz! yay!
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What are 5 purposes of the circulatory system?
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To transport nutrients and oxygen to cells.
To transport carbon dioxide and other waste to removal sites. To transport hormones. To help control a constant body temperature. To defend the body from invading microorganisms. |
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What are the components of blood?
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Plasma and cells. Cells are further broken up into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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What do platelets do?
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They help the blood to clot.
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What are the different components of the heart?
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The heart has 2 atria that receive blood and pump it to the ventricle. It also has 2 ventricles that pump the blood to the body.
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What are the different types of blood vessels?
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There are arteries that carry blood away from the heart, veins that carry blood to the heart and capillaries that allow for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and cells.
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What do modified cardiac cells do?
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They send signals and form bundles and fibers in the heart.
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Describe the bundles and fibers of the heart.
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There are two bundles of cells called the SA node and the AV node as well as the Purkinje Fibers.
The bundles and fibers work together to send electrical signals to all of the cardiac muscle cells and cause the heart to contract. |
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What is the purpose of the heart?
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The heart pumps blood throughout the circulatory system.
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Look at your diagram of the heart, and try to label it properly.
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DO IT!
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What occurs during diastole?
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Diastole is the rest stage. Blood from the atria flow through the atrial-ventricular valves into the ventricles. The atrial-ventricular valves close creating a 'lubb' sound.
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What occurs during systole?
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Systole is the contraction phase. The ventricles are full and contract, pumping blood throughout the body. The blood exits through the ventricular-arterial valve and then these valves shut creating a 'dubb' sound.
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What are the blood types?
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A, B, AB, and O. There are also positive and negative blood types.
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What determines blood type?
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The presence of the A and B antigen (special proteins). Positive blood is more common and has certain proteins present.
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What is plasma?
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Plasma is the liquid part of blood and accounts for 55%. It is 90% water and also has proteins, nutrients and minerals, and hormones.
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What is the lymphatic system?
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The lymphatic system runs along with the circulatory system and contains a fluid called lymph.
Lymph is mainly plasma squeezed from the capillaries but also white blood cells. The lymph ducts enlarge to form lymph nodes (e.g., tonsils). The lymph nodes are battle sights against bacteria and infections. |
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What are 5 purposes of the nervous system?
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To receive and process information about the world around us.
To receive and process information about what is going on inside our bodies. To send signals to various body parts telling them to do something. To store memories. To create thoughts, emotions, sensations, and the abilities to understand a problem solve. |
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What are the different parts of the nervous system?
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The peripheral nervous system, further divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems and the central nervous system, composed of the brain and spinal cord.
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What does the somatic nervous system do?
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The somatic nervous system is made of nerve cells that send information to the central nervous system and signals to muscles. It can be controlled consciously.
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What does the autonomic nervous system do?
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The nerve cells of the ANS send signals to organs and cannot be controlled consciously.
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What is a neural circuit?
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A neural circuit is composed of neurons that send signals to each other. They give the brain the ability to produce thoughts, emotions, movement and problem-solve.
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Name and locate the different parts of the brain.
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Bob the Builder, can we fix it? Bob the Builder, yes we can!
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What is the purpose of the frontal lobe?
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The frontal lobe controls movement, intellect and personality.
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What is the purpose of the occipital lobe?
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The occipital lobe controls vision.
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What is the purpose of the cerebellum?
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The cerebellum controls movement and balance.
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What is the purpose of the medulla oblongata?
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The medulla oblongata controls breathing and heart rate.
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What is the purpose of the parietal lobe?
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The parietal lobe controls touch, emotions, and speech.
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What is the purpose of the temporal lobe?
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The temporal lobe controls vision and hearing.
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What is the purpose of the pons?
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The pons controls signals to the medulla oblongata.
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