Snc2D Biology Unit

Front 1

CELL THEORY

Back 1

1) All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
2) The cell is the simplest unit of life
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells

Front 2

There are two types of cells...

Back 2

1) prokaryotic

2) eukaryotic

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PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 3

-No nucleus or other organelles
-Organisms are single-celled
-Very simple

Front 4

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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-More complex organization
-Organelles exist and compartmentalize the cell's functions
-Much larger than prokaryotic

Front 5

CYTOPLASM

Back 5

WHAT IS IT:
Jelly-like substance that fills the cell

FUNCTION:
Holds organelles in place, allows cell reaction to occur

Front 6

CELL MEMBRANE

Back 6

WHAT IS IT:
Semi-permeable, double membrane

FUNCTION:
Determines what enters and leaves the cell

Front 7

NUCLEUS

Back 7

WHAT IS IT:
Control center of the cell

FUNCTION:
Controls all cell activities and contains DNA/chromosones

Front 8

MITOCHONDRIA

Back 8

WHAT IS IT:
Powerhouse, site of energy production from sugars by cellular respiration.

FUNCTION:
Makes oxygen available to the cell - there are more mitochondria in more active cells

Front 9

ER - ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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WHAT IS IT:
Network of 3D tubes and pockets that run through the cytoplasm from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

FUNCTION:
Used for transport

Front 10

VACUOLES

Back 10

FUNCTION:
Many functions depending on the cell - storage of food/wastes, or water, removing waste from the cell, or maintaining fluid pressure

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VACUOLE # IN ANIMAL CELLS

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Many small vacuoles (not visible)

Front 12

VACUOLE # IN PLANT CELLS

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1 large vacuole

Front 13

GOLGI COMPLEX

Back 13

FUNCTION:
Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell

Front 14

CELL WALL

Back 14

WHAT IS IT:
Wall found only in plant cells just outside the cell membrane

FUNCTION:
Provides support and protection

Front 15

CHLOROPLASTS

Back 15

WHAT IS IT:
Found only in plant cells, contains chlorophyl

FUNCTION:
Makes them and the plants green and allows photosynthesis to take place

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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When plants make sugar from sunlight energy - Does not replace mitochondria (they are still needed in plant cells)

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RIBOSOMES

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WHAT IS IT:
Site of protein synthesis, exist free in the cytoplasm as well as attached to the outer surface of the rough ER

Front 18

CENTRIOLES

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WHAT IS IT:
Only in animal cells

FUNCTION:
Create and control spindle fibers in cell division

Front 19

NUCLEOLUS

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WHAT IS IT:
Area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made

Front 20

LYSOSOMES

Back 20

WHAT IS IT:
The garbage can of the cell

FUNCTION:
Contains digestive enzymes to help eliminate waste

Front 21

DNA

Back 21

WHAT IS IT:
The hereditary material found in the nucleus

FUNCTION:
Makes up chromatin and chromosomes

Front 22

THE CELL CYCLE

Back 22

Responsible for the growth and development of individuals by allowing cells to divide

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WHY DO WE NEED NEW CELLS?

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-Replace dead ones, repair body, and for growth

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PHASES OF CELL CYCLE

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Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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INTERPHASE

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Longest stage for most cells
-DNA replicates itself (S phase)
-More organelles are formed
-Chromatin coil to form chromosomes (G2)
-Once chromosomes form, division begins

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PROPHASE (STAGE 1 OF MITOSIS)

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-Can see 2 stranded chromosomes under the microscope
-Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
-Spindle fibers appear (from centrioles or poles) and attach to each centromere
-Begin to move toward centre

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METAPHASE

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Chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibres until they line up at the middle of the cell

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ANAPHASE

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-Spindle fibres shorten and pull the centromeres apart
-The 2 strands separate and go to opposite ends of the cell

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TELOPHASE

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-Spindle fibres disappear
-Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
-Chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin
-Two nuclei in one cell

Front 30

CYTOKINESIS

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Cytoplasm divides

Front 31

CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELL

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Cell membrane pinches in the middle (cleavage furrow)

Front 32

CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELL

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Cell plate grows at the center and becomes and cell wall

Front 33

WHAT IS A SPECIALIZED CELL?

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Cells with physical and chemical differences that allow them to perform one job very well

Front 34

Examples of specialized cells in animals.

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-Red blood cells
-Muscle cells
-Fat cells
-Skin cells
-White blood cells
-Nerve cells
-Bone cells
-Sperm cells

Front 35

RED BLOOD CELLS

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WHAT IS IT:
Contains hemoglobin, they are very smooth

FUNCTION:
Carries oxygen through the blood line

Front 36

MUSCLE CELLS

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WHAT IS IT:
Arranged in bundles (muscle fibres)

FUNCTION:
They can contract to make the fibre shorter and bones move

Front 37

FAT CELLS

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WHAT IS IT:
storage cell

FUNCTION:
Stores fat molecules, stores chemical energy

Front 38

SKIN CELLS

Back 38

WHAT IS IT:
Fit together and cover your body

FUNCTION:
Protects inside cells and reduces water loss

Front 39

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Back 39

FUNCTION:
Move around to engulf bacteria and fight infection

Front 40

NERVE CELLS

Back 40

WHAT IS IT:
Long and thin, they conduct electrical impluses

FUNCTION:
Coordinates body activity

Front 41

BONE CELLS

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WHAT IS IT:
Collect calcium from food, build bone around themselves

FUNCTION:
Allows bone growth and repair, creates the skeleton

Front 42

SPERM CELLS

Back 42

WHAT IS IT:
Move independently, they carry DNA from the male parent which will try and join with a female egg

Front 43

Examples of specialized cells in plants.

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-Storage cells
-Photosynthetic cells
-Epidermal cells
-Guard cells

Front 44

STORAGE CELLS

Back 44

FUNCTION:
Store starch as a source of energy for the plant

Front 45

PHOTOSYNTHETIC CELLS

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WHAT IS IT:
Contain chloroplasts

FUNCTION:
Collect energy from sunlight to make sugar

Front 46

EPIDERMAL CELLS

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WHAT IS IT:
Found on young roots

FUNCTION:
Uses its hairs to absorb water from the soil

Front 47

GUARD CELLS

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WHAT IS IT:
Found in the surface of leaves

FUNCTION:
Controls water loss

Front 48

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Front 49

4 TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE

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1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nerve

Front 50

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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Thin sheet of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and body cavities
eg. stomach lining

Front 51

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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Provides support and protection for various body parts
eg. bone

Front 52

MUSCLE TISSUE

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Contains proteins that can contract and enable the body to move
eg. skeletal muscle

Front 53

NERVE TISSUE

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Conducts electrical signals from one part to another
eg. brain