Smc Pa Micro 1 Exam 1

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Bacteria

Back 1

Cellular. Both DNA & RNA. Prokaryote. 70S Ribosome. No mitochrondria. No organelles. 1 chr. Some motility. Binary fission. Rigid wall containing peptidoglycan.

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What cell wall contains peptidoglycan

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bacteria

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What cell wall contains chitin

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fungi

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Viruses

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non-cellular. DNA or RNA, No nucleus. No ribosomes. No mitochondria. No motility. Reproduction not thru binary fission. Outer surface: protein caspid & lipoprotein envelope

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Fungi

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Cellular. Both DNA & RNA. Eukaryote. 80S ribosome. Mitochondria present. Organelles membrane-bound. No motility. Budding or mitosis. Rigid wall containing chitin.

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Protoza

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Unicellar. Both DNA & RNA. Eukaryote. 80S ribosome. Mitochondria present. Organelles membrane-bound. Most are motile. Mitosis. Flexible membrane.

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Helminth

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Complex multi-cellular. Both DNA & RNA. Eukaryote. 80S ribosome. Mitochondria present. Organelles membrane-bound. Most are motile. Mitosis.

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what type of cell has a true nucleus with mutiple chromosomes?

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eukaryotes.

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prokaryote

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nucleoid consists of a single circular molecule of loosely organized DNA. No nuclear membrane or mitotic apparatus.

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what cells contain 80S ribosomes

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eukaryotes

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what cells contains 70S ribosomes?

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prokaryotes

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what cell membrane contains sterols?

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eukaryotes

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Which cells DNA is associated with histones?

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eukaryotes

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Do bacterial cells undergo mitosis?

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NO

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How do you diagnosis type of cells?

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disease differences & therapeutic differences

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disease differences

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Bacteria can gram stain b/c of cell wall. Fungi has chitin in cell wall. Viruses are not considered cells. Motility of class varies: Fungi & viruses are non-motile.

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therapeutic differences

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treat different classes differently

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Mechanism of action of anti-microbial drugs

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1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis. 2) inhibition of protein synthesis. 3) alteration of cell membrane function

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colonization

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acquisition of new organism.

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infection

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1. organism has entered body but may not cause dz.
2. organism has caused dz

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disease

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when an organism of high pathogenicity causes host to become diseased.

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normal flora

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various bacteria and fungi that are permanently residents of certain body sites.

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role of normal flora in health maintenance & cause of disease

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1. cause disease - esp in immuno-compromised ppl. 2. protective host defense mechanism: interfere with colonization by pathogenic bacteria. (if normal flora is suppressed, pathogens may grow & cause dz). 3. serve a nutritional function - intestinal bact produce Vit B & K.

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normal flora of: skin

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staph epidermis

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normal flora of: nose

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staph aureus

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normal flora of: mouth

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viridans streptococci

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normal flora of: dental plaque

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strep mutans

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normal flora of: gingival crevices

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various anaerobes (bacteroides, fusobacterium, actinomyces)

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normal flora of: throat

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viridans streptococci

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normal flora of: colon

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bacteroides fragilis, E coli

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normal flora of: vagina

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lactobacillus, E coli, group B strep

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leading cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis

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viridans streptococci - enter blood stream during dental surgery & attach to damaged heart valves

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eikenella corrodens

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causes skin & soft tissue infectinos associated with human bites

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site of greatest organisms in GI tract

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terminal ileum

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% of bacteria in feces

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20%

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leading cause of UTIs

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E coli

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cause of peritonitis associated with perforation of the intestinal wall

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bacteroides fragilis

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responsible for producing acid that keeps the pH of the adult womans' vagina low

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Lactobillus

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% of women carrying Strep B in the vagina

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15-20%

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complications from vaginal strep B during childbirth

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sepsis & meningitis

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pathogen

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micro-organism that is capable of causing disease

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opportunitistic pathogen

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micro-organism that rarely cause disease, but can cause serious infection in immuno-compromised ppl

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virulence

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quantitative measure of pathogenicity measured by the # of organisms required to cause disease

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mechanisms of disease

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toxins. exotoxins. entertoxins. endotoxins. invasion. mutiplication. host response. inflammation.

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true positive

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a positive test result in a pt with dz

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false positive

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a positive test result in a normal (healthy) person

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true negative

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a negative test result in a normal (healthy) person

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false negative

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a negative test result in a person with dz.

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sensitivity

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likelihood thta result with be positive in the people who have the dz.
= TP/(TP +FN).
if all pts with a given dz has a positive test, the sensitivity is 100%

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specificity

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likelihood that a healthy person has a negative test.
the ppl who have a negative result that actually have the dz.
= TN / (FP + TN)

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MIC - min inhibatory concentration

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the lowest concentration of drug that INHIBITS growth of the organism isolated from the patient.

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MBC - min bactericidal concentration

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the lowest concentration of drug that KILLS the bacteria is isolated from the patient

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acid-fast

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inability to be gram stained. They resist decolarization with acid-alcohol after being stained with carbolfusion

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inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan

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PCN, cephalosporin, vancomyocin

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endotoxin

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lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria. Responsible for dz, fever & shock.

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lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components

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1) Lipid A - resposnible for toxic effects. 2) 5 sugars linked thru KDO to Lipid A. 3) Somatic, or O, antigen of several gram (-) bacteria.

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teichoic acids

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induces septic shock when caused by gram (+) bacteria.

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nucleoid

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where DNA is located

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does bacterial DNA have introns?

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NO

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Plasmids

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extrachromosomal, dbl-stranded, circular DNA molecule that's capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome. Ocurr in both gram (-) and gram (+) bacteria.

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Transposons

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pieces of DNA that move readily from one site to another either within of between DNAs of bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages. They are not capable of independent replication.

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4 domains of transposons

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1. inverted repeats. 2) transposase. 3. repressor. 4. enzyme mediating antibiotic resistance

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capsule

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gelatinous layer covering bacterium.

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importance of capsule

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1. determinant of VIRULENCE - limits phagocytosis 2. QUELLING RXN - Identification using antiserum --> homolos cause swelling. 3. Antigens in vaccines. 4. Adherence of bacteria to human tissues

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Pili

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harilike filaments that extend from the cell surface; they are shorter & straighter than flagella; composed of pilin; found mainly on gram (-) bacteria.

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role of pili

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1. mediate attachment of bacteria to specific receptors on the human cell surface --> initiates infection. 2) Sex pilus --> conjugation of bacteria

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spores

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highly resistant structures formed in response to adverse conditions by 2 genera: Bacillus & Clostridium. Resistant to heat, dehydration, radiation and chemicals. Must autoclave to kill (121 degree x 30 min)

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binary fission

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one parent cell divides into 2 progeny cells. exponential growth.

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enzymes used to utilize oxygen

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superoxide dismutase & catalase

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obligate aerobes

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require oxygen to grow

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facultative ANaerobes

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utilize oxygen to generate E by respiration in the absence of O2

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obligate ANaerobes

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can NOT grow in the presence of oxygen b/c they lack superoxide dimutase to catalase

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carrier state

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implies that an individual harbos a potential pathogen can can be a source of infection. The person is asymptomatic. The person may have recovered from the dz but continues to carry the organism and shed it.

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LD50 - lethal dose

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number of organisms needed to kill half the hosts

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ID50 - infectious dose

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number needed to cause infection in half the hosts

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virulence factors

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whether pili allow them to adhere to mucous membranes, whether they produce exo- or endo-toxins, whether they possess a capsule to protect them from phagocytosis, & whether they can survive various non-specific host defenses

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parasite

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the presence of the bacteria is detrimental to the host cells; also refers to protozoa & helminths

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2 ways bacteria cause disease

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1. toxin production. 2. invasion & inflammation

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exotoxins

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polypeptides released by eth cell

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endotoxins

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lipopolysaccharides which form an integral part of cell wall; only occur in gram (-) rods & cocci; cause fever, shock & generalized sx.

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communicable

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spread from host to host

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epidemic

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infections that occurs much more frequently than usual

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pandemic

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infections with a worldwide distribution

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endemic

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constantly present at a low level in a specific population

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subclinical

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infections where the person remains asymptomatic

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latent state

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reactivation of the growth of an organism & reoccurence of symptoms may occur

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stages of infection

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1. transmission 2. evasion of primary host defense 3. adherence to mucous membranes 4. colonization 5. dz sx caused by toxin production or invasion + inflammation 6. specific + non-specific host response 7. progression or resolution of dz

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fomites

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inanimate objects (ex: towels)that serve as a source of microorganisms

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bacterial diseases transmitted by ticks

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Lyme dz, Rocky Mtn spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, relapsing fever, & tularemia

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4 important portals of entry

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respiratory tract, GI tract, genital tract, & skin

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zoonoses

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diseases for which animals are the reservoirs

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biofilms

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important in pathogensis - they protect the bacteria from antibodies & antiobiotics

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collagenase & hyaluronidase

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degrade collagen & allow bacteria to spread thru subcut tissue. important in cellulites caused by Strep pyogenes

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coagulase

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prodcued by S. aureus; accelerates the formation of fibrin clots

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IgA protease

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degrades IgA, allowing organism to adhere to mucous membrane

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leukocidins

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destroy both neutrophilic leukocutes & MPs

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types of inflammation caused by bacteria

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1. pyogenic - pus producing (neutrophils --> gram (+) and (-) cocci). 2. granulomatous - MPs and T cells predominate.

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pathogenicity islands

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genes that encode many virulence factors in bacteria are clustered on the bacterial chromosome. Do not have the ability to repliciate independently of bacterial chromosome. Found in gram (+) rods & cocci

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pseudomembranes

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inflammatory lesions - thick, adherent, grayish to yellowish exudates on the mucosal surfaces of the throat in diptheria and on the colon in psuedomembranous colitis.

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toxoids

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exotoxins treated with formaldehye, acid or heat, and the exotoxin polypeptides are converted to retain their antigenicity but loose their toxicity

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A subunit of exotoxins

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active subunit - possesses the toxic activity; act by ADP-ribosylation

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B subunit of exotoxin

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binding subunit - responsible for biding the exotoxin to specific receptors on the membrane of the human cell.