Small Animal Spring Test 2

Front 1

5 major monoamine neurotransmitters

Back 1

1. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
2. Norepinephrine
3. Serotonin
4. Dopamine
5. Acetylcholine

Front 2

Which monoamine neurotransmitter plays a role in excitatory actions?

Back 2

Acetylcholine

Front 3

Which monoamine neurotransmitter acts at inhibitory synapses?

Back 3

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Front 4

Which monoamine neurotransmitter affects large areas of the brain related to alertness and arousal?

Back 4

Norepinephrine

* influences the reward system

Front 5

Which monoamine neurotransmitter plays a role in modulation of anger, aggression, body temperature, mood, sleep, behavior, and appetite?

Back 5

Serotonin

Front 6

Which monoamine neurotransmitter plays a role in cognition, motor activity, motivation, sleep, mood, attention, and learning?

Back 6

Dopamine

Front 7

neurotransmitter association with the diet

Back 7

* Tryptophan --> 5-hydroxytryptophan --> Sertotonin

* Tyrosine --> DOPA --> Dopamine --> Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine

* Lecitinin --> Choline --> Acetylcholine --> Choline

* Histadine --> Histamine

Front 8

Number one reason cats were relinquished to shelters

Back 8

Housesoiling

Front 9

Causes for cat housesoiling

Back 9

1. Never learned
2. Number of boxes
3. Improper cleaning of litter box
4. Stress
5. Medical problem



Medications
Benzodiazepines for short term
SSRIs or TCAs for long term
Remove the source of the stress

Front 10

Litter box issues

Back 10

* One box per cat minimum
* Wrong location / Scattered locations
* Wrong size/ type
* Dirty boxes
* Abrupt change in litter type (50% will stop using the box)

Front 11

How often should you replace litter completely?

Back 11

every 3-5 days


* Replace box every other year

Front 12

How much does neutering cats help with housesoiling?

Back 12

10% males continue
5% females continue

Front 13

medications used for housesoiling in cats

Back 13

Benzodiazepines for short term
SSRIs or TCAs for long term

Front 14

Regurgitation =

Back 14

passive, retrograde (cranial) movement of material in esophagus or pharynx that stimulates the gag reflex;


material can be ejected from the mouth or brought up into oral cavity and swallowed or aspirated

Front 15

Vomiting =

Back 15

forceful expulsion of gastric and/or intestinal contents by centrally-mediated reflex causing contraction of diaphragm and abdominal muscles

* Retching, bile, digested blood (coffee grounds) all = VOMITING

Front 16

Prodromal signs, nausea V vs. R

Back 16

Vomiting: Usually (it’s centrally-mediated)

Regurgitation: No (it occurs simply whenever the material gets close enough up)

Front 17

Retching V vs. R

Back 17

Vomiting: YES (dry heaves are only associated with vomiting; food doesn’t have to be present in stomach to vomit)

Regurgitation: NO

Front 18

Describe the assessment and plan for a patient with suspected/proven regurgitation

Back 18

Regurgitation suggests esophageal disease

* Differentiate esophageal weakness from esophageal obstruction: radiographs are most helpful

*

Front 19

Regurgitation occurs due to the retention of material (food, water, saliva) in the esophagus or oropharynx

Back 19

* Regurgitation only occurs if food/water is present (no “dry heaves”)

* Regurgitation is a passive act stimulated by presence of material in the esophagus (near cricopharyngeus muscle)

Front 20

Two possible mechanisms of regurgitation

Back 20

1. Obstruction: anatomic obstruction/blockage in oropharynx or esophagus

2. Weakness: deficient motility in pharynx or esophagus, due to muscle weakness or incoordination

Front 21

Associated disease manifestation commonly seen with regurgitation

Back 21

aspiration pneumonia (usually occurs at the right middle lung lobe)

Front 22

most common cause of esophageal regurgitation

Back 22

Congenital (idiopathic) megaesophagus

Front 23

#1 cause of death in patients with Congenital (idiopathic) megaesophagus

Back 23

aspiration pneumonia

Front 24

accounts for 75-85% of cases of acquired esophageal weakness

Back 24

Idiopathic megaesophagus


•Myasthenia gravis - 25% cases

Front 25

your Plan for Regurgitation

Back 25

1. You must perform diagnostics, because therapeutic trials are inappropriate; all of these conditions are very serious and highly unlikely to go away on their own

2. Take plain radiographs which often diagnostic for megaesophagus and foreign body obstructions

3. Take contrast radiographs which are often diagnostic for functional lesions

4. Perform endoscopy which is good for detection of anatomic lesions: FBs, esophagitis, strictures/masses

Front 26

For acute vomiting (<2-3wks duration), we generally take a therapeutic approach

Back 26

* R/O Inflammation: Gastritis/enteritis (bacterial or viral), Dietary intolerance or indiscretion; ingestion of noxious substances, or Parasites

* R/O Motion sickness

Front 27

more serious causes of acute vomiting that we must consider

Back 27

* R/O Obstruction: foreign body

* R/O Extra-alimentary causes
 Acute renal disease
 Acute hepatic disease
 Pancreatitis
 Inflammation due to septic peritonitis (rare)