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105 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Does distemper virus survive in the environment?
yes- viable in cold and freeze but susceptible to heat,drying, UV
How long can the distemper virus be shed?
60-90 days after recovery
Signs of distemper
Ocular- KCS, retinal lesions
Respiratory- coughing, rhinitis
GI
Neuro- twitch temporal mm
Skin- hyperkeratosis, pustular dermatitis
Most dogs have antibody to distemper. What is a serological test that is useful?
High Ab titers in CSF compared to serum.
Other than serology, what is another diagnostic for distemper?
PCR- blood, CSF, urine
viral inclusions in conjunctival epithelial cells, WBCs or rectal scrape (rare but pathognomotic)
In which disease of dogs can CNS signs appear weeks after apparent recovery?
Distemper
How long do puppies have maternal antibodies for:
Distemper
12 weeks
True/False. Viremia is a common consequence of FHV/FCV infection.
False.
Which viral agent of FURTD causes more marked ocular signs?
Herpes
blepharospasm, conjunctivitis, keratitis, chemosis, ulceration
Which viral agent of FURTD causes oral ulcers and polyarthritis?
Calici
What can be used to diagnose FURTD?
RealPCR panel
mostly clinical signs
What is the antibiotic of choice for treating secondary infections associated with FURTD?
Doxycycline > clindamycin > amoxicillin/clavulanate
How is FURTD spread?
Prolonged direct contact
True/False. Vaccines are available for the prevention of FCV/FHV infection.
False. Vaccines may reduce clinical signs, but circulating IgA does not help locally.
What is the prognosis for FURTD?
Shed for months to years, but infection is self-limiting
Grave if CNS complications or viremia
chronic "snufflers" may occur
Feline panleukopenia is what type of virus?
A) paramyxovirus
B) herpesvirus
C) parvovirus
C) parvovirus
Feline panleukopenia virus is:
a) heat and UV sensitive
b) really stable in the environment
b) really stable. Killed by formalin, chlorox, boiling
How long do kittens have maternal Ab to feline panleuk?
3 months
How is feline panleukopenia transmitted?
Mostly feces. Also in secretions, likely picked up in environment.
Feline panleukopenia is primarily a disease of what cohort?
Young, unvaccinated kittens. Most adults have immunity from previous exposure.
Which feline virus causes severe, fetid diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain (aka "fading kitten")?
Feline panleukopenia
Prognosis of feline panleukpenia infection?
a) self limiting
b) clear infection but shed for months to years
c) death or recovery in 1-2 weeks.
C) death or recovery. First 5 days crucial.
Cause(s) of "fading kitten" syndrome?
Feline Panleukopenia
Dry FIP
FIP affects which cohorts of animals?
Kittens/young adults and cats > 10 years (bimodal)
How can FIP be transmitted?
Close contact:
fecal-oral, saliva
transplacental rare
Cats with FeLV or FIV are at greater risk for which other feline virus?
FIP
Number one rule out for a young cat with an ileocecocolic mass?
FIP
True/False. A strong antibody response is needed to clear the mutated coronavirus responsible for FIP.
False. Cell-mediated immunity
Kitten with flucuant fever, potbelly and dysnpea. What might you find on fluid analysis?
SG > 1.020, TP > 4 mg/dl
moderate to low cell count
Signs of dry FIP
vague illness over weeks
bilaterally enlarged, irregular kidneys
ocular lesions, meningitis
General clinical pathology findings of FIP
polyclonal gammopathy
nonregenerative anemia
increased liver enzymes (ascites?)
Heinz bodies
Diagnosis of FIP?
Difficult- coronavirus =/= FIP
Titer >1:16,000 suggestive
PCR of virus in macrophages suggestive
histopath for definitive diagnosis
3 sources of toxoplasmosis infection
placental
uncooked meat
oocysts from the soil
Feline diseases with CNS and/or ocular signs
FURTD
FIP
Toxomplasmosis
True/False. Cats only shed toxoplasmosis oocytes 1-2 weeks after showing clinical signs.
False. Before.
Which feline disease causes stillbirths?
Toxoplasmosis
How does CSF analysis differ between toxoplasmosis and FIP?
both hight protein
toxo- mixed pleocytosis
FIP- mononuclear
Cat with pneumonia, hepatitis, ocular lesions and/or neuro signs.
Toxoplasmosis
Dog with fever, respiratory, neuromuscular, GI signs +/- CNS signs, +/- arrhythmias and tonsillitis
Toxoplasmosis
How long can one see a rise in IgG after toxoplasmosis infection?
16 weeks
Treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis?
Clindamycin, plus glucocorticoids for ocular lesions
How long does it take for toxoplasmosis oocyts to sporulate and become infective?
1-5 days
What is the best place to test for blastomyces?
Skin lesions
What is the defining characteristic of histoplasma infection?
diarrhea
Best diagnosis for histoplasma?
FNA of: bone marrow (cats) or LN (dogs)
tracheal wash
rectal scraping
What geographical region hosts coccidiodes?
Desert southwest
Which fungal disease may necessitate antifungal treatment for life if not cleared spontaneously?
Coccidioides
Which fungal disease causes pericardial effusion?
Coccidoides
True/False. Cryptococcus typically effects upper respirtory tract, CNS but not the lungs.
True.
What is the limiting effect of amphotericin B?
nephrotoxicity
Which antifungal agent is superior for ocular, prostatic and urinary infections?
Azoles
Which antifungal is useful for dermatophyte (asper, candida, crytpococcus) infections?
terbinafine
Which 2 tick-borne diseases are indistinguishable from each other, and what common Abx can be used?
RMSF and Ehrlichia
Tetracycline
Major systems affected by Ehrlichia, RMSF?
CNS
Pulmonary
Ocular
Edema and petechiae
pancytopenia (fulminant, or chronic Ehrlichia)
Which tick-borne (ehrlichia/anaplasma) disease causes polyarthritis?
A. phagotyophilum
What should follow a 4DX positive:
E. Canis
A. phagocytophilum
E. Canis- IFA
A. phagocytophilum- CBC
Which FeLV protein is important for imparting immunity?
gp70
Which FeLV protein is important for diagnosis?
gag27
True/False. Cats with Ab against FOCMA are resistant to leukemia and lymphoma.
True.
Major route of transmission for FeLV?
Saliva
How to diagnose persistent FeLV infection?
Viremia > 16 weeks
Bone marrow positive
True/False. FeLV can survive in the environment, where is can spread to other cats.
False. Requires close contact. Spread primarily in saliva.
Which feline virus(es) require close contact for transmission?
FIP
FeLV
What is one caveat to a positive ELISA with FeLV?
Cat may clear the infection afterward
Diagnosis for FeLV?
IHC or PCR of bone marrow. PCR may be too sensitive.
ELISA
Are antibodies useful for testing FIV?
No- clinically healthy cats will have Ab for several years. Never clear the virus.
True/False. FIV can have maternal and vaccine antibody interference with ELISA diagnosis.
True. FeLV does not.
Confirm positive with western blot
How long after acute blood loss does it take for the PCV to drop?
12-14 horus
When, after blood loss, can an increased reticulocyte count be seen?
3-4 days
nonregenerative normocytic, normochromic anemia can be a result of
chronic disease
> 99% of cats are what blood type?
Type A
What are the requirements for dogs for blood donation?
PCV > 40%
DEA 1.1 negative
> 50 lbs can donate a full bag
How long can pRBCs be stored for?
4 weeks
Can BMBT differentiate between platelet and vWF problems?
No
How much blood to transfuse to raise PCV by 1%?
0.5 ml/lb of red cells
1 ml/lb of whole blood
Indications for tranfusing pRBCs?
anemia
acute blood loss (IMHA)
Indications for transfusing whole blood
massive hemorrhage
coagulopathies
What does cryoprecipitate provide?
VIII
fibrinogen
vWF
Which blood borne pathogens are of particular concern in the following breeds:
Pit
Greyhound
Foxhound
Pit- B. gibsonii
Greyhound- B. canis
Foxhound- Leishmania
What (other than volume) should one be concerned about overadministering during transfusion?
K+
Fe++
Ammonia
Which coagulation test is prolonged with ITP?
ACT
When should a transfusion be given in ITP?
Hct < 20
Prognosis for ITP?
1/3 die
1/3 recover
1/3 relapse
What can be given to stimulate vWF RELEASE?/
desmopressin
True/False. NSAIDs, acepromazine, and hyperglobulinemia can cause platelet dysfunction.
True.
PT
Extrinsic
PTT, ACT
intrinsic
Loss of which factors would cause an increase in both PT/pTT?
I, II, V, X
Deficiency in factor VIII
Hemophilia A
Deficiency in factor IX
Hemophilia B
Which is prolonged first, PT or PTT?
PT (half life 6 hours)
Treatment for supraventricular arrhythmias?
Digoxin
b-blocker (a-tach)
verapamil (Ca++ antagonist)
amiodarone
Treatment for atrial fibrillation?
Digoxin +/- b-blocker
diltiazem
Ventricular Antiarrhythmics?
Lidocaine CRI
Mexiletine
Amiodarone
Which breed-specific DCM might respond to taurine +/- carnitine supplementation?
Cocker Spaniel
(Portugese Water Dog?)
Side effects of amiodarone?
hepatopathy
angioedema
thyroid suppression
In what conditions are deep S waves seen?
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Shock dose fluids
90 ml/kg crystalloids
20 ml/kg colloid
Maintenance fluids
40-80 ml/kg
With what particular conditions might overhydration be a problem? (kidneys not on your side)
DM
Cushings
PU/PD causing disease
diuretics
Maximum RATE for K+ infusion.
0.5 mEq/kg/hr
What do you need to avoid when surgically correcting a PDA?
pulmonary artery
left recurrent laryngeal n.
Where do feline primary tumors primarily metastasize?
musculoskeletal
Prognosis for thymoma?
Poor for dogs
excellent for cats
Approach for thoracic duct ligation?
8-10th ICS