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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Does distemper virus survive in the environment?
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yes- viable in cold and freeze but susceptible to heat,drying, UV
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How long can the distemper virus be shed?
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60-90 days after recovery
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Signs of distemper
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Ocular- KCS, retinal lesions
Respiratory- coughing, rhinitis GI Neuro- twitch temporal mm Skin- hyperkeratosis, pustular dermatitis |
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Most dogs have antibody to distemper. What is a serological test that is useful?
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High Ab titers in CSF compared to serum.
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Other than serology, what is another diagnostic for distemper?
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PCR- blood, CSF, urine
viral inclusions in conjunctival epithelial cells, WBCs or rectal scrape (rare but pathognomotic) |
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In which disease of dogs can CNS signs appear weeks after apparent recovery?
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Distemper
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How long do puppies have maternal antibodies for:
Distemper |
12 weeks
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True/False. Viremia is a common consequence of FHV/FCV infection.
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False.
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Which viral agent of FURTD causes more marked ocular signs?
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Herpes
blepharospasm, conjunctivitis, keratitis, chemosis, ulceration |
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Which viral agent of FURTD causes oral ulcers and polyarthritis?
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Calici
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What can be used to diagnose FURTD?
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RealPCR panel
mostly clinical signs |
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What is the antibiotic of choice for treating secondary infections associated with FURTD?
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Doxycycline > clindamycin > amoxicillin/clavulanate
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How is FURTD spread?
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Prolonged direct contact
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True/False. Vaccines are available for the prevention of FCV/FHV infection.
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False. Vaccines may reduce clinical signs, but circulating IgA does not help locally.
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What is the prognosis for FURTD?
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Shed for months to years, but infection is self-limiting
Grave if CNS complications or viremia chronic "snufflers" may occur |
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Feline panleukopenia is what type of virus?
A) paramyxovirus B) herpesvirus C) parvovirus |
C) parvovirus
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Feline panleukopenia virus is:
a) heat and UV sensitive b) really stable in the environment |
b) really stable. Killed by formalin, chlorox, boiling
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How long do kittens have maternal Ab to feline panleuk?
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3 months
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How is feline panleukopenia transmitted?
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Mostly feces. Also in secretions, likely picked up in environment.
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Feline panleukopenia is primarily a disease of what cohort?
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Young, unvaccinated kittens. Most adults have immunity from previous exposure.
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Which feline virus causes severe, fetid diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain (aka "fading kitten")?
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Feline panleukopenia
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Prognosis of feline panleukpenia infection?
a) self limiting b) clear infection but shed for months to years c) death or recovery in 1-2 weeks. |
C) death or recovery. First 5 days crucial.
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Cause(s) of "fading kitten" syndrome?
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Feline Panleukopenia
Dry FIP |
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FIP affects which cohorts of animals?
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Kittens/young adults and cats > 10 years (bimodal)
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How can FIP be transmitted?
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Close contact:
fecal-oral, saliva transplacental rare |
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Cats with FeLV or FIV are at greater risk for which other feline virus?
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FIP
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Number one rule out for a young cat with an ileocecocolic mass?
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FIP
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True/False. A strong antibody response is needed to clear the mutated coronavirus responsible for FIP.
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False. Cell-mediated immunity
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Kitten with flucuant fever, potbelly and dysnpea. What might you find on fluid analysis?
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SG > 1.020, TP > 4 mg/dl
moderate to low cell count |
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Signs of dry FIP
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vague illness over weeks
bilaterally enlarged, irregular kidneys ocular lesions, meningitis |
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General clinical pathology findings of FIP
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polyclonal gammopathy
nonregenerative anemia increased liver enzymes (ascites?) Heinz bodies |
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Diagnosis of FIP?
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Difficult- coronavirus =/= FIP
Titer >1:16,000 suggestive PCR of virus in macrophages suggestive histopath for definitive diagnosis |
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3 sources of toxoplasmosis infection
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placental
uncooked meat oocysts from the soil |
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Feline diseases with CNS and/or ocular signs
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FURTD
FIP Toxomplasmosis |
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True/False. Cats only shed toxoplasmosis oocytes 1-2 weeks after showing clinical signs.
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False. Before.
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Which feline disease causes stillbirths?
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Toxoplasmosis
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How does CSF analysis differ between toxoplasmosis and FIP?
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both hight protein
toxo- mixed pleocytosis FIP- mononuclear |
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Cat with pneumonia, hepatitis, ocular lesions and/or neuro signs.
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Toxoplasmosis
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Dog with fever, respiratory, neuromuscular, GI signs +/- CNS signs, +/- arrhythmias and tonsillitis
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Toxoplasmosis
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How long can one see a rise in IgG after toxoplasmosis infection?
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16 weeks
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Treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis?
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Clindamycin, plus glucocorticoids for ocular lesions
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How long does it take for toxoplasmosis oocyts to sporulate and become infective?
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1-5 days
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What is the best place to test for blastomyces?
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Skin lesions
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What is the defining characteristic of histoplasma infection?
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diarrhea
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Best diagnosis for histoplasma?
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FNA of: bone marrow (cats) or LN (dogs)
tracheal wash rectal scraping |
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What geographical region hosts coccidiodes?
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Desert southwest
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Which fungal disease may necessitate antifungal treatment for life if not cleared spontaneously?
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Coccidioides
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Which fungal disease causes pericardial effusion?
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Coccidoides
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True/False. Cryptococcus typically effects upper respirtory tract, CNS but not the lungs.
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True.
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What is the limiting effect of amphotericin B?
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nephrotoxicity
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Which antifungal agent is superior for ocular, prostatic and urinary infections?
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Azoles
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Which antifungal is useful for dermatophyte (asper, candida, crytpococcus) infections?
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terbinafine
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Which 2 tick-borne diseases are indistinguishable from each other, and what common Abx can be used?
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RMSF and Ehrlichia
Tetracycline |
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Major systems affected by Ehrlichia, RMSF?
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CNS
Pulmonary Ocular Edema and petechiae pancytopenia (fulminant, or chronic Ehrlichia) |
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Which tick-borne (ehrlichia/anaplasma) disease causes polyarthritis?
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A. phagotyophilum
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What should follow a 4DX positive:
E. Canis A. phagocytophilum |
E. Canis- IFA
A. phagocytophilum- CBC |
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Which FeLV protein is important for imparting immunity?
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gp70
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Which FeLV protein is important for diagnosis?
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gag27
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True/False. Cats with Ab against FOCMA are resistant to leukemia and lymphoma.
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True.
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Major route of transmission for FeLV?
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Saliva
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How to diagnose persistent FeLV infection?
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Viremia > 16 weeks
Bone marrow positive |
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True/False. FeLV can survive in the environment, where is can spread to other cats.
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False. Requires close contact. Spread primarily in saliva.
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Which feline virus(es) require close contact for transmission?
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FIP
FeLV |
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What is one caveat to a positive ELISA with FeLV?
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Cat may clear the infection afterward
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Diagnosis for FeLV?
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IHC or PCR of bone marrow. PCR may be too sensitive.
ELISA |
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Are antibodies useful for testing FIV?
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No- clinically healthy cats will have Ab for several years. Never clear the virus.
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True/False. FIV can have maternal and vaccine antibody interference with ELISA diagnosis.
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True. FeLV does not.
Confirm positive with western blot |
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How long after acute blood loss does it take for the PCV to drop?
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12-14 horus
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When, after blood loss, can an increased reticulocyte count be seen?
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3-4 days
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nonregenerative normocytic, normochromic anemia can be a result of
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chronic disease
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> 99% of cats are what blood type?
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Type A
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What are the requirements for dogs for blood donation?
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PCV > 40%
DEA 1.1 negative > 50 lbs can donate a full bag |
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How long can pRBCs be stored for?
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4 weeks
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Can BMBT differentiate between platelet and vWF problems?
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No
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How much blood to transfuse to raise PCV by 1%?
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0.5 ml/lb of red cells
1 ml/lb of whole blood |
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Indications for tranfusing pRBCs?
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anemia
acute blood loss (IMHA) |
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Indications for transfusing whole blood
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massive hemorrhage
coagulopathies |
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What does cryoprecipitate provide?
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VIII
fibrinogen vWF |
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Which blood borne pathogens are of particular concern in the following breeds:
Pit Greyhound Foxhound |
Pit- B. gibsonii
Greyhound- B. canis Foxhound- Leishmania |
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What (other than volume) should one be concerned about overadministering during transfusion?
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K+
Fe++ Ammonia |
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Which coagulation test is prolonged with ITP?
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ACT
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When should a transfusion be given in ITP?
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Hct < 20
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Prognosis for ITP?
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1/3 die
1/3 recover 1/3 relapse |
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What can be given to stimulate vWF RELEASE?/
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desmopressin
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True/False. NSAIDs, acepromazine, and hyperglobulinemia can cause platelet dysfunction.
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True.
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PT
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Extrinsic
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PTT, ACT
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intrinsic
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Loss of which factors would cause an increase in both PT/pTT?
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I, II, V, X
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Deficiency in factor VIII
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Hemophilia A
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Deficiency in factor IX
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Hemophilia B
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Which is prolonged first, PT or PTT?
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PT (half life 6 hours)
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Treatment for supraventricular arrhythmias?
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Digoxin
b-blocker (a-tach) verapamil (Ca++ antagonist) amiodarone |
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Treatment for atrial fibrillation?
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Digoxin +/- b-blocker
diltiazem |
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Ventricular Antiarrhythmics?
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Lidocaine CRI
Mexiletine Amiodarone |
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Which breed-specific DCM might respond to taurine +/- carnitine supplementation?
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Cocker Spaniel
(Portugese Water Dog?) |
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Side effects of amiodarone?
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hepatopathy
angioedema thyroid suppression |
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In what conditions are deep S waves seen?
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Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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Shock dose fluids
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90 ml/kg crystalloids
20 ml/kg colloid |
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Maintenance fluids
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40-80 ml/kg
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With what particular conditions might overhydration be a problem? (kidneys not on your side)
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DM
Cushings PU/PD causing disease diuretics |
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Maximum RATE for K+ infusion.
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0.5 mEq/kg/hr
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What do you need to avoid when surgically correcting a PDA?
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pulmonary artery
left recurrent laryngeal n. |
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Where do feline primary tumors primarily metastasize?
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musculoskeletal
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Prognosis for thymoma?
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Poor for dogs
excellent for cats |
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Approach for thoracic duct ligation?
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8-10th ICS
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