Sm 1St Aid-Usmle Pathology Neuro-

Front 1

acute stress disorder/ PTSD

Back 1

2d-4w/>4w

Front 2

Define epilepsy.

Back 2

Epilepsy is a disorder of recurrent seizures.

Front 3

Define syrinx.

Back 3

Tube, as in syringe

Front 4

demyelination of nerve will lead to ?

Back 4

dec. spce constant(ability of an impuls travel down the axon)

Front 5

Describe a myoclonic seizure.

Back 5

Quick, repetitive jerks

Front 6

Describe a tonic-clonic seizure.

Back 6

Alternating stiffening and movement (grand mal)

Front 7

Describe a tonic seizure.

Back 7

Stiffening

Front 8

Describe an absence seizure.

Back 8

A blank stare (petit mal- it's in 1st aid this way!!)

Front 9

Describe an atonic seizure.

Back 9

'Drop' seizures

Front 10

Describe Broca's aphasia.

Back 10

Broca's is nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension. BROca's en la Boca

Front 11

Describe Horner's syndrome.

Back 11

Sympathectomy of face (lesion above T1). Interruption of the 3-neuron oculosympathetic pathway.

Front 12

Describe Wernicke's aphasia.

Back 12

Wernicke's is fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension

Front 13

How do patients present with a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Back 13

Worst headache of my life'

Front 14

How do pts present with MS?

Back 14

Optic neuritis (sudden loss of vision), MLF syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia-INO), Hemiparesis, Hemisensory symptoms, Bladder/bowel incontinence

Front 15

How does Werdnig-Hoffman disease present?

Back 15

At birth as a 'floppy baby'

Front 16

How is Huntington's disease inherited?

Back 16

Autosomal dominant

Front 17

How is the polio virus transmitted?

Back 17

Fecal-oral route

Front 18

How is the prevalence of MS geographically distributed?

Back 18

Higher prevalence with greater distance from the Equator

Front 19

In what persons is subdural hemorrhage often seen?

Back 19

Elderly individuals, alcoholics, and blunt trauma

Front 20

mechanism of M.G.

Back 20

dec. repeated end-plate potential amplitude

Front 21

Non-rhythmic conjugate eye movement assoc. w/ myoclonus & abdo. mass in child

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neuroblastoma

Front 22

Normal pressure hydrocephalus triad

Back 22

urinary incontinence, ataxic gait, dementia

Front 23

preterm newborn intraventricular hemorrhage in ...

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germinal matrix

Front 24

Recurrent lobar hemorrhagic stroke in elderly people

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cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Front 25

schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder/breif psychotic disorder

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>6mo/1-6mo/<1mo

Front 26

T/F. Partial seizures can not generalize.

Back 26

False- Partial seizures can generalize.

Front 27

Transtentorial herniation

Back 27

CIII(fixed & dilated pupil), PCA(contralateral homonymous hemianopsia), contralateral cerebral peduncle(ipsilateral hemiparesis), brain hemorrhages

Front 28

What are 2 common organisms that target the brain in AIDS pts?

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1.Toxo!Toxo!Toxo! 2.Cryptococcus

Front 29

What are 2 degenerative diseases of the cerebral cortex?

Back 29

1.Alzheimer's 2.Pick's disease

Front 30

What are 2 degenerative diseases that affect the basal ganglia and brain stem?

Back 30

1.Huntington's disease 2.Parkinson's disease

Front 31

What are 3 degenerative disorders of the motor neuron?

Back 31

1.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 2.Werdnig-Hoffman disease 3.Polio

Front 32

What are associated with Guillain-Barre?

Back 32

1.Infections->immune attack of peripheral myelin (herpesvirus or C. jejuni) 2.Inoculations 3.Stress

Front 33

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

Back 33

Abnormally phosphorylated tau protein

Front 34

What are some demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases?

Back 34

1.Multiple sclerosis (MS) 2.Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 3.Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis 4.Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (a lysosomal storage disease) 5.Guillain-Barre syndrome

Front 35

What are some signs of Parkinson's disease?

Back 35

Tremor at rest, Cogwheel rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability

Front 36

What are the 4 types of intracranial hemorrhages?

Back 36

1.Epidural hematoma 2.Subdural Hematoma 3.Subarachnoid hemorrhage 4.Parenchymal hematoma

Front 37

What are the 5 types of generalized seizures?

Back 37

1.Absence 2.Myoclonic 3.Tonic-clonic 4.Tonic 5.Atonic

Front 38

What are the clinical symptoms of Huntington's disease?

Back 38

Dementia, chorea

Front 39

What are the clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Back 39

TRAP= Tremor (at rest)cogwheel RigidityAkinesiaPostural instability(you are TRAPped in your body)

Front 40

What are the clinical symptoms of Tabes dorsalis?

Back 40

Charcot joints, Shooting (lightning) pain, Argyll-Robertson Pupils (reactive to accommodation, but not light), Absence of deep tendon reflexes

Front 41

What are the common causes of seizures in adults?

Back 41

Tumors, Trauma, Stroke, Infection

Front 42

What are the common causes of seizures in children?

Back 42

Genetic, Infection, Trauma, Congenital, Metabolic

Front 43

What are the common causes of seizures in the elderly?

Back 43

Stroke, Tumor, Trauma, Metabolic, Infection

Front 44

What are the lab findings in Guillain-Barre syndrome?

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Elevated CSF protein with normal cell count ('albumino-cytologic dissociation'); Elevated protein-> Papilledema

Front 45

What are the lab findings in poliomyelitis?

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CSF with lymphocytic pleocytosis with slight elevation of protein, Virus recovered from stool or throat

Front 46

What are the pathological signs of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)?

Back 46

Necrosis, Hemorrhage, Pseudo-palisading

Front 47

What are the signs of LMN lesions seen in poliomyelitis?

Back 47

Muscle weakness and atrophy, Fasciculations, Fibrillation, Hyporeflexia

Front 48

What are the symptoms of Horner's?

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1.Ptosis 2.Miosis 3.Anhydrosis and flushing of affected side of face

Front 49

What are the symptoms of poliomyelitis?

Back 49

Malaise, Headache, Fever, Nausea, Abdominal pain, sore throat

Front 50

What area of the brain is affected by generalized seizures?

Back 50

Diffuse area; Unconscious seizures

Front 51

What artery is compromised in an epidural hematoma?

Back 51

Middle meningeal artery

Front 52

What blood vessels are affected in subdural hemorrhages?

Back 52

Rupture of bridging veins

Front 53

What causes a parenchymal hematoma?

Back 53

HTN, Amyloid angiopathy, Diabetes Mellitus, Tumor

Front 54

What causes poliomyelitis?

Back 54

Poliovirus

Front 55

What chemical can Parkinson's disease be linked to?

Back 55

Exposure to MPTP, a contaminant in illicit street drugs

Front 56

What clinical symptoms are present with syringomyelia?

Back 56

Bilateral Pain and Temperature loss in the upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation

Front 57

What congenital malformation is often associated with syringomyelia?

Back 57

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Front 58

What damage does cryptococcus cause in the brain?

Back 58

Periventricular calcifications

Front 59

What damage does toxoplasma cause in the brain?

Back 59

Diffuse (intracerebral) calcifications

Front 60

What diseases are berry aneurysms associated with?

Back 60

Adult polycystic kidney disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan's syndrome

Front 61

What do partial seizures affect?

Back 61

One area of the brain

Front 62

What does a CT show with a subdural hemorrhage?

Back 62

Crescent-shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines

Front 63

What does a CT show with an epidural hematoma?

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'Biconvex disk' not crossing suture lines

Front 64

What does rupture of a berry aneurysm lead to?

Back 64

Hemorrhagic Stroke; Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 65

What does the spinal tap show in a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Back 65

Bloody or xanthochromic

Front 66

What event is the rupture of the middle meningeal artery secondary to?

Back 66

Temporal bone fracture

Front 67

What genes is the familial form (10%) of Alzheimer's associated with?

Back 67

Genes on chromosomes 1, 14, 19 (APOE4 allele) and 21 (p-App gene)

Front 68

What hemorrhage has a lucid interval?

Back 68

Epidural hematoma

Front 69

What is a complex partial seizure?

Back 69

Impaired awareness

Front 70

What is a degenerative disorder of the Spinocerebellar tract?

Back 70

Friedrich's ataxia (olivopontocerebellar atrophy)

Front 71

What is anhydrosis?

Back 71

Absence of sweating

Front 72

What is another name for Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Back 72

Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis

Front 73

What is another symptom of Werdnig-Hoffman disease?

Back 73

Tongue fasciculations

Front 74

What is another term for Broca's aphasia?

Back 74

Expressive aphasia

Front 75

What is another term for Wernicke's aphasia?

Back 75

Receptive aphasia

Front 76

What is miosis?

Back 76

Pupil constriction

Front 77

What is Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with?

Back 77

JC virus

Front 78

What is ptosis?

Back 78

Slight drooping of the eyelids (In Horner's smooth muscle of the eyelid)

Front 79

What is Syringomyelia?

Back 79

Enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord

Front 80

What is the classic triad of MS?

Back 80

SIN: 1.Scanning speech 2.Intention Tremor 3.Nystagmus

Front 81

What is the common name for ALS?

Back 81

Lou Gehrig's disease

Front 82

What is the course of a subdural hemorrhage?

Back 82

Venous bleeding (less pressure) with delayed onset of symptoms

Front 83

What is the course of MS?

Back 83

In most pts, the course is remitting and relapsing

Front 84

What is the incidence of brain tumors in adults?

Back 84

Metastases> Astrocytoma (including glioblastoma)> Meningioma

Front 85

What is the incidence of brain tumors in children?

Back 85

Astrocytoma> Medulloblastoma> Ependymoma

Front 86

What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly?

Back 86

Alzheimer's disease

Front 87

What is the most common complication of a berry aneurysm?

Back 87

Rupture of the aneurysm

Front 88

What is the most common site for a berry aneurysm?

Back 88

The bifurcation of the anterior communicating artery

Front 89

What is the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Back 89

Inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor fibers of ventral roots (sensory effect less severe than motor)

Front 90

What is the pathogenesis of Tabes Dorsalis?

Back 90

Degeneration of the dorsal columns and dorsal roots due to Tertiary Syphilis.

Front 91

What is the pathology of Alzheimer's?

Back 91

Associated with Senile plaques (extracellular, beta-amyloid core) and Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular, abnormally phosphorylated tau protein)

Front 92

What is the pathology of Huntington's disease?

Back 92

Atrophy of the caudate nucleus (loss of GABAergic neurons)

Front 93

What is the pathology of MS?

Back 93

Periventricular plaques, Preservation of axons, Loss of oligodendrocytes (OLIGOBANDS), Reactive astrocytic gliosis, Increased protein (IgG) in CSF

Front 94

What is the pathology of Parkinson's disease?

Back 94

Associated with Lewy bodies and depigmentation of the substantia nigra (loss of dopaminergic neurons)

Front 95

What is the pathology of Pick's disease?

Back 95

Associated with Pick bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies)

Front 96

What is the pathology of poliomyelitis?

Back 96

Destruction of anterior horn cells of spinal cord, leading to LMN destruction

Front 97

What is the pathology of syringomyelia?

Back 97

Softening and cavitation around the central canal of the spinal cord.

Front 98

What is the prognosis for a pts diagnosed with a GBM?

Back 98

Very poor

Front 99

What is the second most common cause of dementia in the elderly?

Back 99

Multi-infarct dementia

Front 100

What is the shape of GBMs?

Back 100

Butterfly' glioma

Front 101

What is the usual cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Back 101

Rupture of an aneurysm (usually berry aneurysm) or an AVM

Front 102

What neural deficits are present in Tabes dorsalis?

Back 102

Impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia

Front 103

What neural tracts are damaged in ºπÀËø’∂¥÷¢?

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Crossing fibers of the Spinothalamic tract

Front 104

What neurons are affected in ALS?

Back 104

Both the upper and lower motor neurons, but sensory neurons are spared

Front 105

What neurons are affected in Polio?

Back 105

Lower motor neurons only

Front 106

What population is most often affected by Multiple Sclerosis

Back 106

Women in their 20-30's

Front 107

What seizures are categorized as simple partial?

Back 107

Awareness intact: Motor, Sensory, Autonomic, Psychic

Front 108

What tumor is Horner's syndrome associated with?

Back 108

Pancoast's tumor

Front 109

Where are most brain tumors located in adults?

Back 109

70% are supratentorial (cerebral hemispheres)

Front 110

Where are most childhood brain tumors located?

Back 110

70% below tentorium (cerebellum)

Front 111

Where do berry aneurysms occur?

Back 111

At the bifurcations in the Circle of Willis

Front 112

Where does piliovirus initially replicate?

Back 112

The oropharynx and small intestine before spreading through the bloodstream to CNS

Front 113

Where does the 3 neuron oculosympathetic pathway project from?

Back 113

The hypothalamus

Front 114

Where does the 3 neuron oculosympathetic pathway project to?

Back 114

1.Interomediolateral column of the spinal cord 2.Superior cervical (sympathetic) ganglion 3.To the pupil, smooth muscles of the eyelids and the sweat glands

Front 115

Where is Broca's area located?

Back 115

Inferior frontal gyrus

Front 116

Where is Pick's disease specific for?

Back 116

The frontal and temporal lobes

Front 117

Where is the apoE-4 allele located?

Back 117

Chromosome 19

Front 118

Where is the most common site of syringomyelia?

Back 118

C8-T1

Front 119

Where is the p-App gene located?

Back 119

Chromosome 21

Front 120

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Back 120

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Front 121

Which demyelinating disease is seen in 2-4% of AIDS patients?

Back 121

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) (reactivation of latent viral infection)