Slpa 464 Phon Dis Exam 2

Front 1

Define Phonology:

Back 1

The science of speech sounds and patterns

Front 2

T or F: Each language has its own phonology.

Back 2

T

Front 3

All children use ___________ ______ when learning words.

Back 3

Phonological Processes: adding, deleting, changing, etc.

Front 4

Define Phonological Rules:

Back 4

Formal written expressions of a phonological event.

Front 5

The Context-Free rule is:

Back 5

not dependent on a specific context-- always occurs.

Front 6

What is an example of Context-Free?

Back 6

Fricative --> stop /sup/ --> /tup/

Front 7

The Context-Sensitive rule is:

Back 7

Depends on the context-- exception to the rule (doesn't always happen)

Front 8

What is an example of Context-Sensitive?

Back 8

A fricative becomes a stop when its the initial consonant, so..
/waS/ --> /wat/ would not be an exception.

Front 9

Describe phonological processes:

Back 9

1) Natural in all phonological systems
2) Simplify adult speech-- occur in the early lexical aquisition stage
3) More than one process can occur in a word (structure of language determines)
4) If used too long- result in a disorder or delay)--> more final consonants in english = more dropped to simplify
5) Good descriptions of phonological productions

Front 10

What are two kinds of phonological rules?

Back 10

Context-Free
Context-Specific

Front 11

--> symbol means:

Back 11

Is replaced by

Front 12

x symbol means:

Back 12

one phonological unit (e.g., stop)

Front 13

y symbol means:

Back 13

one phonological unit (e.g., nasal)

Front 14

/ symbol means:

Back 14

Whenever

Front 15

# symbol means:

Back 15

Syllable boundary

Front 16

_ symbol means:

Back 16

Location of the phonological unit in the syllable

Front 17

T or F: Children all over the world (in all languages) use phonological processes.

Back 17

True. Innate way allowing them to add to their vocab w/out having to say them perfectly

Front 18

What are the four categories of Processes?

Back 18

1) Syllable structure processes
2) Substitution processes
3) Assimilation processes
4) Additional processes

Front 19

What are the 9 Syllable Structure Processes?

Back 19

1) Consonant Deletion
2) Weak syllable deletion
3) Cluster reduction
4) Reduplication
5) Coalescence
6) Epenthesis
7) Consonant addition
8) Syllable addition
9) Word-Final schwa addition

Front 20

Syllable structure processes are ones that change the structure of the word by _________ or ________.

Back 20

Deleting or adding.

Front 21

What is Consonant Deletion?

Back 21

A consonant is dropped somewhere in the word.

Front 22

What are three types of Consonant Deletion?

Back 22

1) Initial- non-developmental process (doesn't normally occur)
2) Medial
3) Final- Most common

Front 23

What is an example of initial consonant deletion?

Back 23

/fal/ --> /al/

Front 24

What is an example of medial consonant deletion?

Back 24

/jElo/ --> /jEo/

Front 25

What is an example of final consonant deletion?

Back 25

/muv/ --> /mu/

Front 26

What is another name for weak syllable deletion?

Back 26

Syllable Reduction

Front 27

What is Weak Syllable Deletion?

Back 27

One or more syllables are dropped. Final syllable often retained.
Ex- /tElefon/ --> /tEfon/

Front 28

What is another name for Cluster Reduction?

Back 28

Cluster Simplification

Front 29

T or F: Reduplication lasts longer than all the other processes.

Back 29

FALSE. Cluster Reduction does!

Front 30

What are three types of cluster reduction?

Back 30

1) Reduce number of consonants
Ex- /blu/ --> /bu/
2) Delete entire cluster
3) Substitute 1 sound for entire cluster

Front 31

What is syllable reduplication?

Back 31

Syllable, or a portion of a syllable, is repeated.
Ex- /wa r er/ --> /wawa/
Monosyllabic word repeated:
Ex- /daed/ --> /daedae/
New syllable repeated to represent a multi-syllabic word- maintain syllable count, but makes up a new one to account for it.
Ex- /tSIken/ --> /dIdI/

Front 32

What is Coalescence?

Back 32

Collapse (like building collapsing on itself) words across syllables.
- May hear first and last parts of word.
Ex- /S^vel/ --> /S^l/

Front 33

What are four types of additions (give examples)?

Back 33

1) Epenthesis- Insert schwa in middle of word
/sIgnel/ --> /sIgenel/
2) Word-final schwa addition
/dag/ --> /dage/
3) Consonant addition
/blaeNGket/ --> /blaeNGkLet/
4) Syllable addition
/tSIkIn/ --> /tSIkInIn/

Front 34

What are two place of articulation substitutions?

Back 34

1) Fronting (Velar and palatal)
2) Backing

Front 35

What are 8 Manner of production substitutions?

Back 35

1) Stopping
2) Stridency deletion
3) Glottal replacement
4) Affrication
5) Deaffrication
6) Liquid simplification (gliding and vocalization)
7) Denasalization
8) Vowel Nasalization

Front 36

What is Fronting?

Back 36

The substitution sound is produced anterior to the standard production.
1) Velar fronting- sound that should be a velar is brought forward
2) Palatal fronting (depalatalization)- sound should be a palatal, but moves forward.

Front 37

Give an example of velar fronting:

Back 37

/gEt/ --> /dEt/

Front 38

Give an example of palatal fronting:

Back 38

/l^ntS/ --> /l^nts/

Front 39

What is backing?

Back 39

The substituted sound is produced posterior to the standard production (usually will go to a velar)
Ex- /maetSIz/ --> /maegIz/

Front 40

What is stopping?

Back 40

A stop-plosive is substituted for another consonant.
- Persists for a longer period than most other processes!
Four kinds-- stopping of fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides.

Front 41

What is Stridency Deletion?

Back 41

Strident consonants lack stridency due to deletion or replacement.
- Often occurs with other processes!!!!

Front 42

Give an example of stridency deletion.

Back 42

/Su/ --> /tu/ : stopping of fricatives and stridency deletion, palatal fronting.

Front 43

What are the strident phonemes that go with stridency deletion?

Back 43

s, z, f, v, S, 3, tS, d3

Front 44

What is glottal replacement?

Back 44

Glottal stops are substituted for consonants... usually occurs in medial and final positions.
Ex- /dagi/ --> /da?I/

Front 45

What is Affrication?

Back 45

An affricate is substituted for a friacative.
Ex- /zIp/ --> /d3Ip/

Front 46

What is Deaffrication?

Back 46

A fricative is substituted for an affricate.
-- Stop feature goes away, continuation feature remains
Ex- /tSERtS/ --> /SERS/

Front 47

Liquid Simplification has two types.. what are they?

Back 47

1) Vocalization of liquids
2) Gliding of liquids

Front 48

What is liquid simplification?

Back 48

Liquids /r/ and /L/ are simplified in one of two ways.

Front 49

What is Vocalization of liquids?

Back 49

Vowelization: vowel or diphthong is used in medial or final positions instead of vocalic /r/ (NOT THE SAME AS VOCALIZING)
Ex- /bERd/ --> /bUd/
/tSER/ --> /tSEo/

Front 50

What is Gliding of liquids?

Back 50

/w/ and /j/ liquids become glides.
Ex- /laemp/ --> /waemp/

Front 51

What is Denasalization?

Back 51

A stop-plosive with similar place of articulation is substituted for a nasal.
- Have a nasal, but a stop with a similar place of articulation is used instead.
Ex- /mun/ --> /bud/

Front 52

What is Vowel Nasalization?

Back 52

Vowels should be nasalized only when they are next to a nasal consonant.

Front 53

When does the process of nasalization occur?

Back 53

When nasal consonant is deleted but the vowel continues to be nasalized.
- /g^m/ --> /g~^/
When vowel is not adjacent to a nasal, but is nasalized anyway.
- /haus/ --> /h~aus/

Front 54

What is another name for Assimilation Processes?

Back 54

Harmony processes

Front 55

What are assimilation processes?

Back 55

One sound is influenced by another, more dominant sound.
- replaced sounds assume features of the dominant sound.
- strategy to avoid difficult segments.

Front 56

What are the 5 Assimilation Processes?

Back 56

1) Velar assimilation
- /d^k/ --> /g^k/
2) Nasal assimilation
- /kaendi/ --> /naendi/
3) Labial assimilation
- /bEd/ --> /bEb/
4) De-voicing
- /hEd3hag/ --> /h^tShak/

Front 57

There are 8 additional processes.. what are they?

Back 57

1) Metathesis
2) Dentalized productions
3) Lateralized productions
4) Sound preferences
5) Vowel changes
6) Idiosyncratic processes
7) Interacting processes
8) Interfering processes

Front 58

What is Metathesis?

Back 58

reversal or transposition of two phonemes.
-twist two phonemes around with lots of words.
-- If they don't do it with a lot of words, its probably a pronunciation error.
/aenemel/ --> /aemenel/

Front 59

What are Dentalized Productions?

Back 59

Affects alveolar fricatives as well as other alveolar phonemes -- n, L, t, d, tS, S

Front 60

What is another name for Dentalized Productions?

Back 60

Frontal Lisp

Front 61

What are Lateralized Productions?

Back 61

Distortions that may affect alveolar fricatives and palatal phonemes s, z, 3, d3, S, tS

Front 62

T or F: Lateralization is a non-developmental process?

Back 62

True... It should not normally occur in the development of speech.

Front 63

What is the top half of a circle symbolize?

Back 63

Laterals

Front 64

Who often uses vowel changes?

Back 64

People with apraxia.

Front 65

Vowels are significantly altered from target sound. What is this called?

Back 65

Vowel changes.

Front 66

/h au s/ --> /h ou s/ is an example of...

Back 66

Vowel changes.

Front 67

To find a "vowel change" what should we look for?

Back 67

A pattern of errors.

Front 68

Unusual patterns that occur consistently and may cause significant unintelligibility are...

Back 68

Idiosyncratic Processes.

Front 69

When more than one process contributes to a sound change, we call this ________ _______ or ______ _______ _________.

Back 69

Interacting processes or multiple pattern occurrence.

Front 70

What are interfering processes?

Back 70

One process blocks or interferes so there is no chance to determine if another process would have occurred.

Front 71

Interfering processes are usually a deletion or ______ ________.

Back 71

Liquid simplification.