Slpa 455: Exam 4- Respiration And The Larynx

Front 1

What are two functions of the respiratory system?

Back 1

1) to maintain life
2) to produce the power supply for speech production

Front 2

From most superior to most inferior, what are the 8 parts of the breathing mechanism?

Back 2

1) Nasal cavities
2) Oral Cavity
3) Pharynx
4) Larynx
5) Trachea
6) Bronchi
7) Bronchioles
8) Alveoli

Front 3

What is the rib cage comprised of? How many ribs?

Back 3

12 pairs of ribs
- 10 pairs are attached to the sternum
- 2 pairs are floating ribs

Front 4

Where is the costal cartilage located?

Back 4

Between the ribs and the sternum.

Front 5

What are the three parts of the sternum from top to bottom?

Back 5

1) Manubrium (with sternal notch at top)
2) Body (Corpus)
3) Xiphoid Process

Front 6

During rest (quiet breathing) what percentage is spent on Inhalation and what percentage is spent on exhalation?

Back 6

50% for both.

Front 7

During normal talking, what percentage is spent on inhalation and what percentage is spent on exhalation?

Back 7

10% for inhalation and 90% for exhalation.

Front 8

T or F: Normal talking fatigues the vocal folds.

Back 8

False.

Front 9

T or F: Yelling fatigues the vocal folds.

Back 9

True.

Front 10

About how many syllables would be normal for a breath group?

Back 10

7 syllables.

Front 11

Breath groups are ________ programmed.

Back 11

Cortically.

Front 12

What is the goal for breathing while talking?

Back 12

To produce a constant flow of air and subglottal pressure.

Front 13

Does the diaphram go up or down when contracting?

Back 13

Up

Front 14

Does the diagphram go up or down on exhalation?

Back 14

Exhalation.

Front 15

Which is better for breathing?
Diaphragmatic breathing or Clavicular breathing?

Back 15

Diaphragmatic.

Front 16

The Central Tendon is part of what breathing mechanism?

Back 16

The diaphram.

Front 17

Problems with the Phrenic nerve may cause spasms or _______.

Back 17

Hiccups.

Front 18

What nerve innervates the central tendon on the diaphram?

Back 18

The Phrenic nerve.

Front 19

Other than the diaphram, the Phrenic innervates which parts of the spine?

Back 19

C3 C4 C5

Front 20

When inhaling, the rib cage is raised and expanded by the muscles attached to the ribs. In what three directions do the ribs expand?

Back 20

1) Anterioposterior (front and back)
2) Transverse (to the sides)
3) Superior (up)

Front 21

Because of the diaphram, the abdominal wall moves ___.

Back 21

Out.

Front 22

There are seven muscles of respiration, which ones are used for inhalation?

Back 22

1) Diaphram
2) External Intercostals

Front 23

The are seven muscles of respiration, which ones are used for exhalation?

Back 23

1) Internal Intercostals
2) Rectus Abdominus
3) Transverse Abdominus
4) External Oblique
5) Internal Oblique

Front 24

Beneath the Rectus Abdominus muscle lies the ______ ______ muscle for respiration.

Back 24

Internal Oblique

Front 25

What is Vital Capacity?

Back 25

Volume for max inhalation and exhalation.

Front 26

What is Tidal Volume?

Back 26

Rest breathing volume (~10%).

Front 27

What is Inspiratory Reserve?

Back 27

Volume from top of tidal volume to max inhalation.

Front 28

What is Expiratory Reserve?

Back 28

Point of bottom tidal volume to max exhalation.

Front 29

What is Residual Volume?

Back 29

Volume of air that is NOT available to us --> keeps lungs inflated.

Front 30

Explain the "Economy of Least Effort."

Back 30

Most of our speech respiration occurs at a lung volume that is the east demanding and effortful for the respiratory system.

Front 31

The least demanding part of the respiratory system is within the _____ ______ range.

Back 31

Tidal Volume.

Front 32

Typically, __ - __% above tidal volume is used for an utterenace.

Back 32

10-15%

Front 33

Where do most utterances end in the spectrum?

Back 33

At REL or slightly below tidal exhalation level.

Front 34

How much percentage of expiratory Reserve volume may be used to finish a long utterance?

Back 34

10-15%

Front 35

What is the most efficient way of talking louder? Increase laryngeal volume or raising lung volume?

Back 35

Raising Lung Volume

Front 36

Loud speech can extend as far as __% of our vital capacity (30% above tidal inhalation volume level).

Back 36

80%

Front 37

If exhalation continues past REL, what muscle group takes over?

Back 37

Abdominal muscles.

Front 38

Loud speech occurs at around 70-75%- T or F?

Back 38

True.

Front 39

What are the two forces that act to help control the exhalation process?

Back 39

1) Nonmuscular
2) Muscular

Front 40

Muscular and nonmuscular forces help to provide a steady flow of ___.

Back 40

Air.

Front 41

What are the three nonmuscular forces?

Back 41

1) Rib torque
2) Lung Elacticity
3) Gravity

Front 42

When do the muscular forces stop contracting?

Back 42

Once the respiratory system enteres the region of tidal volume.

Front 43

What kind of pressure needs to be high for loud speech?

Back 43

Subglottal (at least higher than it needs to be for normal speech).

Front 44

T or F: Air flow and phonation start simultaneously.

Back 44

True.

Front 45

If a speaker pauses during an utterance the person may:

Back 45

1) Continue to leak air out of the system
2) Release air and then take another inhalation
3) Hold the breath through the pause.

Front 46

If utterances become short, more of what is needed?

Back 46

Checking action

Front 47

If there is excess muscle tension and habituated poor breathing patterns, the person could have a problem with what?

Back 47

Stuttering

Front 48

What are two muscles of inhalation?

Back 48

1) diaphram
2) external intercostals

Front 49

What are the 5 muscles of Exhalation?

Back 49

1) Internal Intercostals
2) Transverse abdominus
3) Internal Oblique
4) Rectus Abdominus
5) External Oblique

Hint 49

iTire

Front 50

Normal pressure for conversational speech is __ - __ cm of water pressure.

Back 50

4 to 8 cm

Front 51

Normal breath groups for speech include the production of about __ syllabiles during _-_ seconds of speech.

Back 51

15 syllables
5-7 seconds

Front 52

"Shape" refers to what part of respiration?

Back 52

The configuration of the rib cage and abdomen during speech.

Front 53

Checking action comes from what anatomical structure?

Back 53

The rib cage.

Front 54

Once speech begins, the abdominal muscles will be contracting-- True or False?

Back 54

Contraction of the abdominal muscles happens at the end of the uttereance

Front 55

What is the superior portion of the sternum called?

Back 55

The manubrium.

Front 56

As you inhale prior to producing an utterance, respiratory activity would involve contraction of what?

Back 56

Strong contraction of the internal intercostal muscles.

Front 57

Approximately how much of our vital capacity do we use for tidal volume breathing?

Back 57

10%

Front 58

The reason we have "checking action" in the respiratory system during speech is:

Back 58

to hold back the nonmuscular forces at the beginning of our utterance

Front 59

T or F: The subglottal pressure of the syllable /ba/ is the same as for the syllable /pa/.

Back 59

True-- all subglottal pressure is the same for voiced/voiceless sounds.

Front 60

What are three functions of the nasal cavity?

Back 60

1) warm air
2) filter air
3) humidify

Front 61

What percentage of volume would be typically used if an utterance went into expiratory reserve?

Back 61

10-15%

Front 62

What is the name of the nerve that innervates the diaphrm and what other nerves are associated with it?

Back 62

Phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5

Front 63

Larynx is another word for what?

Back 63

"Box" or "Chest"

Front 64

The larynx sits between the _____ and the _____ bone.

Back 64

Trachea and hyoid bone.

Front 65

What is the entrance to the larynx called?

Back 65

The Laryngeal aditus.

Front 66

The Laryngeal ventricle houses what kind of glands?

Back 66

Mucus glands.

Front 67

How long is the male larynx?

Back 67

3/4 to 1" long

Front 68

How long is the female larynx?

Back 68

1/2 to 3/4" long

Front 69

True folds are medial or lateral of false folds?

Back 69

Medial.

Front 70

Which vertebra is the hyoid bone located?

Back 70

3rd cervical vertebra

Front 71

What is the main portion of the hyoid bone called?

Back 71

The corpus.

Front 72

What are two extensions of the hyoid bone?

Back 72

1) Major Cornua
2) Minor Cornua

Front 73

the major cornua of the hyoid bone is attached to the superior cornua of the _____ cartilage.

Back 73

Thyroid cartilage.

Front 74

What are the six cartilages of the larynx called?

Back 74

1) Thyroid
2) Cricoid
3) Arytenoids
4) Corniculate
5) Cuneiform
6) Epiglottis

Front 75

The thyroid notch is also known as what?

Back 75

Adam's apple.

Front 76

Does the arytenoids adduct or abduct?

Back 76

Both!

Front 77

What does lamina mean?

Back 77

Flat

Front 78

Aryepiglottis fold does what?

Back 78

Closes the epiglottis.

Front 79

What are the four intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Back 79

1) Abductors
2) Adductors
3) Tensor
4) Relaxer

Front 80

Is vocalis lateral or medial to muscularis?

Back 80

Medial.

Front 81

What does the vocal ligament do and where is it located?

Back 81

Provides support for Vocal Fold so that it doesn't collapse. Located medial to the vocal folds.

Front 82

Tight closure of the vocal folds is provided by...

Back 82

Interarytenoids.

Front 83

What muscle changes pitch?

Back 83

Crico-thyroid muscle.

Front 84

What are they two processes of the arytenoid cartilage?

Back 84

1) Muscular process
2) vocal process

Front 85

What does the thyro-arytenoid muscle do?

Back 85

Sets slight degree of tension during voicing.

Front 86

The thyro-arytenoid muscle and the vocalis muscle collectively make up what?

Back 86

The vocal folds.

Front 87

T or F: The secondary function of the Thyro-arytenoid is to actively increase pitch.

Back 87

False. Actively lowers pitch.

Front 88

T or F: The secondary function of the vocalis muscle is to increase pitch.

Back 88

True. Takes it to falsetto.

Front 89

What is the only laryngeal abductor?

Back 89

Posterior Cricoarytenoid abductor.

Front 90

What are the two Interarytenoids?

Back 90

1) Transverse
2) Oblique

Front 91

Do the interarytenoids abduct or adduct?

Back 91

Adduct.

Front 92

Where are the transverse arytenoids?

Back 92

Continuous set of muscle fibers from one arytenoid to the other.

Front 93

Where are the Oblique arytenoids?

Back 93

Coarses from the muscular process of one arytenoid to the apex of the opposite arytenoid. This creates an "x" pattern on the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage.

Front 94

What are the two portions of the Cricothyroid tensor?

Back 94

1) Pars Recta
2) Pars Oblique

Front 95

Muscularis or vocalis addes extreme tension to the folds?

Back 95

Vocalis.

Front 96

When the ______ contracts, it supplies tension during phonation and can shorten the folds to relax them when pitch is lowered.

Back 96

Lateral Portion of the vocal fold-- Thyroarytenoid: Muscularis.

Front 97

Vibrations occur due to a combination of _________ and ____________ principles.

Back 97

Neuromuscular and aerodynamic principles.

Front 98

____________ ______ is the condition that occurs once egressive airflow is initiated.

Back 98

Bernoulli Effect

Front 99

Describe the two components of the Bernoullli Effect.

Back 99

1) Decrease in air pressure at the point of the constriction provided by the slightly abducted vocal folds.
2) An increase in airflow speed through the constriction.
-- Given these two conditions, the folds will be brought together and set into vibration.

Front 100

The mucosal wave occurs in what register?

Back 100

Modal register.

Front 101

What are they three registers?

Back 101

1) Falsetto
2) Modal
3) Pulse (vocal frog)

Front 102

Vocal folds vibrate as a combination of what three things?

Back 102

1) muscle tension
2) airflow
3) air-pressure

Front 103

Average frequency for male voice:

Back 103

120 Hz

Front 104

Average frequency for femal voice:

Back 104

220 Hz

Front 105

Mucosal Wave is the same thing as what concept?

Back 105

Vertical Phase lag.

Front 106

What is the vertical phase lag?

Back 106

The upper 1/2 lags behind the lower 1/2 (open and close).