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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information (data) for some specific purpose defines what term?
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Research
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What does "impact ratings" mean?
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Shows you how much the journal is used by other people.
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What are the four main components of a research article?
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Intro, methods, results, discussion.
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What does it mean when we say that the dependent measures were reliable?
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Dependent and consistent across subjects.
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How do we know if the results are valid?
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Accuracy, truthfulness, etc. How do the findings relate to past research?
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What do equivocal findings in research mean?
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opposite results in two studies
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How is research conducted with and without bias?
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With: asking questions a certain way, picking subjects that you will think create what you think will happen... etc.
Qualitative Research allows for bias!!!! |
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What are control variables and how do they affect the outcome of a study?
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Things the researcher needs to manage so that outcomes are known ones-- What I get is due to what I control.
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Through the integration of what three things do you get Evidence Based Practice?
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a) clinical experience
b) Current best evidence c) client values to provide high-quality services |
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What are the (4) steps in the process of evidence-based practice?
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1) framing the question
2) Finding the evidence 3) Assessing the level of evidence 4) Making a decision |
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Reduplication, reliability of measures and judgements, objective, and unbiased are characteristics of ..... ?
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Good science and Research
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What are two types of reduplication?
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1) Direct
2) Systematic |
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What is direct reduplication?
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You do the study exactly as it was done before-- best way to figure out if original results were valid.
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What is systematic reduplication?
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Do parts of what was done, but include something new as well.
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Reliability in good research includes two things:
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dependent variables and intra-interjudge reliability.
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What is Intra-Interjudge reliability?
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two people agree on reliability
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The philosophical foundation of science is based on _______.
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Empiricism
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Give some examples of things that are opposites to empiricism.
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testimonies, beliefs, persuasion, anecdotal evidence.
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Empiricism is _______.
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Objective
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What are some qualities of good research?
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based on past research, empirically based rationale tied to theory or model, can be generalized.
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Conceptual and Operational definitions are useful ways to communicate information. What is conceptual definition? Example?
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How you would define the term in a dictionary.
- EX: Test anxiety- Defined as uneasy feelings prior to/during a test. |
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Conceptual and Operational definitions are useful ways to communicate information.
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Defined as something you can measure.
-EX: Test anxiety- The higher your blood pressure/heart rate, the more test anxiety you have. |
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When would you use an operational definition?
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When defining your participants (lang dis ppl, normal, etc.), dependent measures.
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What is an independent variable?
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Variables or aspects of the study that are under direct control of the experimenter. Researcher purposely manipulates some aspect of the study in order to influence subject performance.
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Variables are ________ because they are not related to any other variable. These variables stand alone.
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Independent
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What is a dependent variable?
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Responses of the subject to the independent variable. These are variables that are "dependent" upon the nature of the independent variable.
--> What don't I have control over? |
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Dependent variables must be (3 things)...
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1) Readily available
2) easily and objectively measured 3) reliably measured 4) OPERATIONALLY DEFINED |
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What are the four measurable variables?
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1) Discrete
2) Orderable Discrete 3) Continuous 4) Covariates |
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What is discrete measurement variable?
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Have specific categories (republican/democrat/indep), no sense that any of them are superior to one another.
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What are orderable discrete measurement variables?
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Categories that have order (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior)
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What are continuous measurement variables?
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Can take on any value (time)
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What are covariantes measurement variables?
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One variable somehow linked to another (height and weight) (muscle mass and gender)
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What is another name for extraneous variables?
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Confounding or nuisance variables
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What are extraneous variables? What are some examples?
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These variables, if not controlled, can produce an unwanted influence on the outcome of a study. They need to be eliminated.
Ex- testing environment, subject characteristics, and conditions surrounding the experiment. |
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What are two types of reasoning we will use in developing the rationale for a study?
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1) Inductive reasoning
2) Deductive reasoning |
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What is inductive reasoning?
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Preliminary observation of events leads to planning additional information to collect. Refining questions to ask, adding questions, or modifying the approach to collect information. Words/statements rather than data (QUALITATIVE).
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What is deductive reasoning?
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Use past literature to generate specific questions. Begin with what is known and reach conclusions from objective data and anlysis (QUANTITATIVE).
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This is an explanation of what?
Gather all types of info > asks mulitple related questions > Data forms themes or categories through sorting participant comments > A pattern develops from the themes > Compare the pattern with theories of known empirical data |
Inductive Reasoning
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What is this explanation describing?
Bottom up, start at the bottom and work up. Adjustments can be made to methods, can be biased. |
Inductive Reasoning
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What is this an explanation of?
Use past research, models or theories to test idea > Formulate testable hypotheses (research questions) > Design procedures and conditions to test hypotheses > Collect data through operational measures > analyze data > reach conclusions from data |
Deductive reasoning
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What is this explaining?
Most common way to do research, top down, can't be biased. |
Deductive reasoning.
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What are three similarities between qualitative and quantitative methods?
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1) both use past literature to support the rationale for the study
2) Both are scientific approaches to answering research questions 3) both include collection of data and are based on empiricism. |
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What kind of research is this?
- Is there a difference in the word finding abilities of persons with aphasia and TBI? |
Quantitative
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What kind of research is this?
- Is there a relationship between severity of the disorder and the length of treatment? |
Quantitative
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What kind of research is this?
- Does academic aptitude, self-concept, and level of motivation affect academic achievement? |
Quantitative
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What kind of research is this?
- Is there a difference in three methods of sampling language? |
Quantitative
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T or F? Quantitative and Qualitative research can be mixed.
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True. It's called Mixed Methods Design.
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What kind of research is this?
- What types of strategies do persons with TBI use when trying to retrieve a word? |
Qualitative
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What kind of research is this?
- What factors are associated with how long individuals spend in therapy? |
Qualitative
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What kind of research is this?
- How do teachers cope with having disabled students included in the classroom? |
Qualitative
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What is Basic Research?
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Research designed to provide information without any clinical/scientific application
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What is Applied Research?
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Research that applies the information learned to clinical or educational
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The ___________ _____ after WWII prompted international standards and ethics for research.
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Neurenberg Trials
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T or F: Children whom are 8 years old don't need to give their voluntary permission to be tested in research?
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False. After age 7, they must give voluntary permission.
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This is what kind of risk?
Kind of emotional/physical/social danger that a person has on a daily basis. |
Minimal risk
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What are three types of risk?
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1) less than minimal risk
2) minimal risk 3) greater than minimal risk |
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What are some examples of vulnerable subjects?
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Inmates, pregnant women, children, mentally/cognitively impaired individuals.
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T or F: Researcher cannot withhold benefits from the control group.
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True. They must give them what helps (eventually).
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Giveing people extra credit for participating (without a second option to get credit), monetary compensation, asking people you know to participate are all examples of ___________.
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Coersion.
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Strong evidence with regards to Evidence Based Practice is...
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Meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials.
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Weak evidence with regards to Evidence Based Practice includes..
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Expert committee reports, clinical experience, respected authorities
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