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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Posterior Cricoarytenoids
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Vocal fold adductor muscles
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Lateral Cricoarytenoids, Transverse Arytenoids, Oblique Arytenoids
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Vocal fold muscles that tense and lengthen
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Transverse Arytenoid, Cricothyroids
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Key cartilages of larynx
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thyroid, cricoids, and arytenoid
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Thyroid cartilage
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forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx and protects larynx
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Cricoids cartilage
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completely surrounds trachea
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Arytenoid cartilages
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small and pyramid-shaped connected to cricoarytenoid joints, which permits sliding and circular movements
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Thyroarytenoids
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divided into 2 muscles masses; internal thyroarytenoids and external
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Larynx Elevators (Suprahyoid Muscles)
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lie above hyoid bone; Digastrics(V, VII), geniohyoids(XII, C1), mylohyoids(V), stylohyoids(VII), hyoglossus(XII), and genioglossus(XII)
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Larynx Depressors (Infrahyoid Muscles)
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lie below hyoid bone; Throhyoids(XII, C1), omohyoids(C1-C3), sternothyroids(C1-C3), and sternohyoids(C1-C3)
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Cortical areas involved in speech motor control, including phonation
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area 4 (primary motor cortex), area 44 (Broca’s), areas 3, 1, 2 (somatosensory cortex), and area 6 (supplementary motor cortex)
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Muscles of the soft palate: Innervation and Function
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Levator Veli Palatini (X, XI) primary elevator of the velum, Tensor Veli Palatini (V) tenses velum, dilates Eustachian tube, Palatoglossus (X, XI) elevates and depresses velum, Palatopharyngeus (X, XI) narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx
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Genioglossus Muscle
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forms bulk of tongue and allows it to move freely
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Cranial nerves mostly involved with innervating muscles of articulation
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V (Trigeminal), VII (Facial), X (Vagus), XI (Accessory), and XII (Hypoglossal)
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Sensory Neurons
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called AFFERENT neurons, carry sensory impulses from organs TOWARD brain
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Motor Neurons
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called EFFERENT neurons, transmit impulses AWAY from CNS
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Interneurons
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most common type of neuron in nervous system, link neurons with other neurons
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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spinal, cranial, and peripheral autonomic nerves (12 pairs cranial and 31 spinal)
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Spinal nerves of PNS
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control automatic functions such as breathing
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Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
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controls and regulates internal environment of our bodies, cause speakers to feel emotionally relaxed or aroused
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Sympathetic branch of ANS
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mobilizes body for “fight-or-flight” situations
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Parasympathetic branch of ANS
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helps bring body back to state of relaxation
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Spinal cord, brain; acts as a motor command center for planning, originating, and carrying out the transmission of messages
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Brainstem
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connects spinal cord with brain via diencephalon
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Midbrain
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AKA mesencephalon; narrow structure that lies superior to pons and inferior to diencephalon
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Pons
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AKA metencephalon; bridges two halves of cerebellum
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Medulla
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AKA myelencephalon: contains all the fibers that originate in cerebellum and cerebrum and move downward to form spinal cord
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Pyramidal tracts
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In medulla; control movements and supply some muscles in speech
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Spinal nerves
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can be motor, sensory, or mixed; they transmit motor information from CNS to muscles and carry sensory information from peripheral receptors to CNS
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How many pairs of spinal nerves
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31, attached to spinal cord through 2 roots: one is efferent and ventral (toward the front) and the other is afferent and dorsal (toward the back)
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Cranial nerves III-XII originate from
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brain stem and innervate the muscles of the pharynx, tongue, larynx, head, neck, and face
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Cranial nerves that are not concerned with speech, language or hearing
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I, II, III, and VI
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Cranial Nerves involved with speech, language, and hearing
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V and VII-XII
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CN V
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Trigeminal, mixed nerve
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CN V Sensory fibers
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composed of three branches: ophthalmic (nose, eyes, and forehead), maxillary (upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek area, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, and palate), and mandibular(mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of check, and part of external ear)
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CN V Motor fibers
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innervate various jaw muscles
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CN V damage
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may result in inability to close mouth, difficulty chewing, and trigeminal neuralgia)
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Cranial Nerve VII
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Facial, mixed
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Cranial Nerve VII Sensory fibers
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responsible for taste sensations on anterior 2/3 tongue
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CN VII Motor fibers
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None of motor fibers has branches that innervate muscles important to speech
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CN VIII
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Acoustic, sensory for balance and hearing
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CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal, mixed
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CN IX Sensory
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assists in processing taste sensation from posterior 1/3 tongue
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CN IX Motor
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innervate stylopharyngeus
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CN IX Damage
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may result in difficulty swallowing, unilateral loss of gag reflex, and loss of taste and sensation from posterior third of tongue
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CN X
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Vagus, mixed
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CN X Motor
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supply digestive system, heart, and lungs
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CN X Sensory
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convey information from digestive system, heart, trachea, pharynx, and larynx
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CN X damage
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may result in difficulty swallowing, paralysis of velum, and voice problems if RLN is damaged
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Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
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part of CN X, regulates intrinsic muscles of larynx; may be damaged during thyroid surgery (partial or total paralysis of vocal folds)
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CN XI
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Accessory, motor
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CN XI
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Head and shoulder movement assist, Innervate uvula and levator veli palatini muscles of soft palate
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CN XI damage
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Neck weakness, paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, and consequent inability to turn head, as well as inability to shrug shoulders or raise arm above shoulder
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CN XII
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Hypoglossal, motor verve
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CN XII
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Supplies 3 extrinsic muscles: styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus
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CN XII
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supplies all intrinsic muscles of tongue
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CN XII damage
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Can result in tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility and swallowing problems
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Diencephalon
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contains 3rd ventricle, thalamus, and hypothalamus
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Thalamus
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regulates sensory information that flows into brain and relays sensory impulses to various portions of cerebral cortex (maintenance of consciousness and alertness)
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Hypothalamus
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helps integrate actions of ANS and also controls emotions
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Basal Ganglia
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Receive input primarily from frontal lobe and relay information back to higher centers of brain via thalamus
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Extrapyramidal System
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helps regulate and modify cortically initiated motor movements
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Basal Ganglia damage
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can result in unusual body postures, dysarthria, changes in body tone, and involuntary and uncontrolled movements
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Cerebellum
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Regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fin-motor movements
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Cerebellum Damage
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Ataxia
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Gyrus
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ridge on cortex
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Longitudinal Fissure
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courses along middle of brain and divides into left and right hemispheres
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Sylvian Fissure (Lateral Cerebral Fissure
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Sulcus)
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starts at inferior portion of frontal lobe at base of brain and moves laterally and upward
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Frontal Lobe
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formation of plans and intentions that dictate person’s conscious behavior
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Primary motor cortex located in
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Frontal lobe, precentral gyrus
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Broca's Area located in
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3rd convolution of L hemisphere, frontal lobe
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Broca's Area
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motor speech area, well articulated and fluent speech
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Parietal Lobe
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Primary somatic sensory area, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus
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Supramarginal Gyrus damage
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conduction aphasia and agraphia
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Angular gyrus damage
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writing, reading, and naming difficulties and in some cases, transcortical sensory aphasia
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Temporal Lobe critical areas
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Primary Auditory Cortex,
Auditory Association Area (Heschl's Gyri) Wernicke's Area |
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Primary Auditory Cortex
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Receives sound stimuli from acoustic nerve; Superior temporal gyrus
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Auditory Association Area (Heschl’s Gyri)
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Posterior Superior temporal gyrus; analyses speech sounds so person recognizes words and sentences in dominant hemisphere; in non-dominant hemisphere it analyzes nonverbal sound stimuli like environmental noises and music
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Pyramidal system
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responsible for carrying impulses that control voluntary, fine-motor movements
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Extrapyramidal system
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transmits impulses that control postural support needed by those fine-motor movements
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Pyramidal System composed of
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corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts
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Corticobulbar tract
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Speech production; control all voluntary movements of speech muscles (except respiratory muscles)
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Both tracts are divided into
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Lower motor nuerons and upper motor neurons
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Lower motor neurons
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Motor neurons in spinal and cranial nerves; nerve fibers that exit spinal cord or brain and communicate with peripheral nerves (part of PNS)
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Upper motor neurons
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Motor fibers within CNS; descending motor fibers that course through CNS; include pathways of both pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems
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Wernicke's Area
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Posterior region of the left superior temporal gyrus, adjacent to Heschl's gyrus; comprehension of spoken and written language
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