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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kaaba |
- Cubical sanctuary located in Mecca. |
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What's in the Kaaba? |
- Statues of gods & a sacred Black Stone (possible meteorite) |
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Muslims |
- Those who submit to Allah as the last of the prophets, human rather than diving in nature |
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Islam translates to |
- "submission to God's will" |
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Hajj |
- Pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca - otherwise known as Hijra |
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Arab Scholars |
- preserved ancient Greek manuscripts, copied & edited them into Arabic translations (works of Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes, Hippocrates,Galen, Ptolemy, & more) |
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Sufism |
- riches source of literary inspiration in Islamic history |
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Sufi |
- named after wool that they wore called suf. |
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Sufi garments |
- committed to purification of soul, & mystical union w/ God through meditation, fasting, & prayer |
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Sufi religion had emphasis on... |
- visionary experience & practice of intensifying physical sensation through music poetry & dance (whirling dances) |
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Islam claims to |
complete God's revelation to humankind |
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Islam & Art |
- iconoclastic |
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Islam vs. Christian art |
- Islam has no 3D sculptures (except scenes of Muslim Paradise) - no pictorial representation (unlike Christianity) - self conscious of symbols (unlike Christianity) |
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Characteristics of Islamic art |
- geometric - floral - calligraphic |
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Allah means |
- "supreme being" |
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Qu'ran means |
- recitation - it is meant to be recited, not read |
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Imamb |
- a Muslim scholar/teacher - a good one can recite the whole Qu'ran |
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Shi'ite |
- claim descent through Muhammad's cousin & son-in-law Ali - believe that only his direct descendants should rule |
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Shi'ites are otherwise known as |
- "Shiah-i-Ali" (partisans of Ali) |
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Sunni |
- orthodox of Islam - believe that rulers should be chosen by the faithful |
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Sunni comes from |
- sunna; "the traditions of the Prophet" |
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Sunni vs. Shi'ite |
- Sunni = 90% of modern Muslim world population - Shi'ite = majority population in present day Iran & Iraq |
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Sufi poetry |
- committed to purification of soul & mystical union with God => meditation, fasting, prayer - opposite of Christianity |
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Church of Rome |
- sole authority in Christendom, asserted by papacy - strongly opposed by patriarchs of Greek Orthodox Church in Constantinople |
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Medieval pontiffs |
- functioned like secular monarchs |
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What did medieval pontiffs do? |
- governed bureaucracy that incorporated financial, judicial, & disciplinary branches |
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Excommunication |
- exclusion from sacraments - can come back to church |
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Interdict |
- excommunication of an entire city or state - used to dissuade secular rulers from opposing papal policy |
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Heresy |
- denial of the revealed truths of Christian faith - spread rapidly through cosmopolitan centers of 12th century |
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Inquisition |
- special court designed to stamp out heresy - used physical torture to get a confession |
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Inquisition brought who to trial? |
- people who local townspeople denounced as heretics - usually they were tried in secret |
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What happened if the trial of the Inquisition failed? |
- penalties of exile/excommunication - individuals hanged/burned at stake |
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Dominicans |
- preachers - created the Inquisition |
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Conflict between church & state |
- Kings/emperors tried to win the allegiance of their subjects & tried to enlarge their financial resources that interfered with papal ambitions & Church decrees |
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Giovanni Bernardone |
- nicknamed "Francesco" - renounced a life of luxury & dedicated himself to preaching & serving the poor |
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Mysticism |
- served to teach & instruct - reflected individual's intuitive & direct knowledge of God |
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Hildegard of Bingen |
- entered Benedictine convent at age of 8 - Church confirmed her visions, most of her contemporaries, & acknowledged her prophetic powers |
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Writings of Hildegard of Bingen |
- addressed literate Christians |
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Medieval Serms |
- directed to illiterate Christian community |
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Memento Mori |
- "remember death" - prepared people for its arrival |
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What was a major theme in most medieval literature? |
- world of matter |
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Commedia Divia |
- "Divine Comedy" - Florentine poet, Dante Alighieri |
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What is the Divine Comedy about? |
- spiritual pilgrimage of Christian soul from sin (Hell), through purification (Purgatory), & salvation |
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Divine Comedy expresses |
- medieval mind & gives dramatic form to fundamental precepts of Christian way of life & death |
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Structure of the poem, Divine Comedy |
- reflects medieval view of the universe as the mirror of God's plan |
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The text of Divine Comedy provides |
- a picture of the context: ethical, political, & theological concerns of Dante's time |
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Virgil |
- stands for human reason - travels only as far as the top of Mount Purgatory |
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Human reason |
- guide to salvation
- cannot penetrate divine mysteries Christian faith |
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Beatrice |
- escortes Dante - only one to get you into paradise - represents Divine Love |
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Purgatory |
- "purification" |
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Elaborate numerology of Commedia |
- matched by multileveled symbolism that draws into synthesis theological, scientific, & historical information based ancient & medieval sources |
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Why did Dante call his poem a comedy? |
- the piece begins with affliction (Hell) & ends with joy (Heaven) |
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How many rings are in Hell? |
- nine |
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How are they punished in the rings of Hell? |
- according to the nature of the sins - not punished for their sins, but BY their sins |
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Light & Dante |
- prime image in Dante's evocation of Heaven & light imagery - pervade's Dante's vision of the mystery & majesty of God |
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Scivia |
- "know the way of the Lord" |
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mystery play |
- dramatized biblical history from the fall of Lucifer to the Last Judgement |
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miracle play |
- stories from the Life of Christ, the Virgin, or the saints |
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morality play |
- struggle between good and evil and the destiny of the soul in the hereafter |
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medieval plays |
- popular form of entertainment as well as religious and moral instructions |
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allegory |
- uses symbolic figures to capture the essence of a person, thing, or idea |
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Everyman |
- symbolically recreates pilgrimage of Christian soul to his ultimate destiny |
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Romanesque Characteristics |
- long/slender figures - linear abstraction - symbolic - Christ/Mary centered - low relief |
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Gothic |
- negative term - looked gaudy |
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Was Gothic urban or rural? |
- urban; looked at as cosmopolitan - focal point for urban community |
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Gothic buildings were built in honor of |
- Mary ("Notre Dame" - "Our Lady") |
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Gothic was looked at as a ___ center |
- educational |
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What makes a building Gothic? |
- pointed arch - stained glass window - flying buttresses - ribbed volts |
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Pointed Arch |
- directs weight down, instead of out, which allows buildings to have thinner walls, but makes you need flying buttresses |
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sculptural program |
- totality of carved sculptures have a reason; meaningful to scholars & laity - churchmen: profound symbolic message - less educated: history of their faith |
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Lux Nova |
- new light |
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Medium that symbolizes God's love |
- stained glass |
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Why add flying buttresses to Gothic buildings? |
- since they can be built higher, they can sway. Flying buttresses contain the building from doing so. |
