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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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LEFT HEMISPHERE FUNCTION
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specialized for sequential functioning. The left hemisphere has a dominant role in the speech and language aspect of communicative functioning because it is processed over time.
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RIGHT HEMISPHERE FUNCTION
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specialized for wholistic processing. The right hemisphere’s wholistic processing makes it more adept at face recognition, comprehending and expressing emotion, and music.
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THE RIGHT/LEFT HEMISPHERES CONNECT TO EACHOTHER WITH WHAT?
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THE CORPUS COLLOSUM AND THE LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
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corpus callosum:
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fiber pathways joining the cerebral hemispheres
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longitudinal fissure:
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fissure that separates the two hemispheres
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR SPEECH SCIENCE SYSTEMS FOR SPEECH PRODUCTION?
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE RESPIRATORY STYSTEM, PHONATION, AND ARTICULATION
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meninges:
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tissue coverings overlying the central nervous system
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CEREBRUM LOBES
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frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
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frontal
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motor planning and execution
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parietal
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sensory association and spatial processing
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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auditory processing
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Occipital lobe
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VISION PROCESSING
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Brainstem INCLUDES...
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midbrain, pons, medulla
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. Brainstem
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is a conduit for sensory information coming from the receptors of the body and for motor pathways to the muscles of the body.
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Cerebellum IMPORTANT FOR
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balance and for ensuring coordination of various body movements, specifically the timing, amount, and speed of movement.
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SPINAL CORD IS COMPOSED OF
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white matter with a butterfly-shaped area of gray matter in the interior.
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HOW IS THE SPINAL CORD BROKEN UP?
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7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral vertebrae plus a coccyx.
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THE PERIFREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS BROKEN UP INTO...
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CRAINIAL AND SPINAL NERVES
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HOW MANY SPINAL NERVES, AND WHAT DO THEY DO?
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There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord and innervate sensory and motor function of the body below the level of the neck. They carry general sensory information from the specific areas of the body and serve as a final common pathway fro motor impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles.
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TRACHEA
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are analogous to an inverted tree composed of a trunk IN THE LUNGS
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alveoli
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a series of branches that end in air-filled sacs IN THE LUNGS
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HOW IS THE RIBCAGE MADE UP?
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. 7 pairs of ribs attach to the sternum, 3 pairs attach to cartilage at the base of the sternum, and two are floating ribs.
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Abdomen
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muscles push inward on the abdominal contents which force the diaphragm upward to reduce lung volume
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Larynx:
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converts respiratory energy into sound energy. It is composed of cartilages, muscles, and membranous and connective tissues located at the top of the trachea. The critical function of the larynx is to keep food from entering the lungs.
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Cricoid Cartilage:
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signet ring-shaped and located at the top of the trachea, larger in back then in front
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Thyroid Cartilage:
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a single butterfly-shaped cartilage that articulates by means of horns at the sides of the cricoids and another stet of horns that extend upward from the body of the thyroid to approximate a floating bone at the base of the tongue from which the larynx is suspended, the hyoid bone.
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Arytenoid Cartilage:
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two pyramid-shaped cartilages superimposed at the top and back of the cricoid cartilage, they lie in concave indentation of the cricoids and are anchored by ligaments.
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True vocal cords:
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extend from the arytenoids cartilages in back to a point just below a notch in the thyroid cartilage in front.
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vocal fold adduction:
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when the vocal folds are brought together
they are vibrated if the pressure below them is large enough to overcome their resistance. |
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glottis:
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the space between the folds and is the place of production
for the glottal fricative /h/ consonant in English. |
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VELUM
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SOFT PALAT. MOVEABLE FOR ARTICULATION.
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epiglottis:
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leaf like structure that prevents food from entering the trachea and helps direct it down the esophagus to the stomach.
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MAXILLA AND MANDABLE
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MAXILLA=UPPER JAW
MANDIBLE=LOWER JAW |
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nasal cavity:
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extends from the opening at the nares to the velopharynx, the opening between the nose and mouth
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pharynx:
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the portion of the vocal tract that extends from the vocal folds to the nasal cavity and is subdivided into the laryngopharyns, oropharyns, and nasopharynx.
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Articulation disorder:
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difficulty producing speech sounds and speech sound sequences
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Bilingual:
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speakers with some competence speaking one or more secondary languages, but a different primary language.
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Consonant cluster:
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two or more consonants spoken together without an intervening vowel.
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Distinctive features:
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a system of the component features of sound that is used for describing the differences between phonemes in a language ex. Voicing, anterior, etc.
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Oral peripheral evaluation:
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The clinician examines the structures used to produce speech sounds and assesses adequacy of movement of those structures for speech production
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Phoneme:
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A speech sound that can change meaning
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Phonology:
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Language rules that govern how sounds are combined to create words.
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Phonological disorder:
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difficulty understanding and implementing the language conventions for producing speech sounds and speech sound sequences
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phonological processes:
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descriptions of variations in the way sounds are produced when they co-occur with other sounds.
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Single word articulation test:
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a test consists of pictures of words, the pictured words usually sample all the consonants at eh initial, medial, and final positions of words, children are asked to say the name of the object when they see it.
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Speech disorder:
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articulation errors or phonological processes rarely seen in normally developing children.
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Spontaneous speech and language sample:
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the clinician gathers a sample of the individual’s speech and language in a communication situation that is considered to be the normal way in which the individual communicates using voice, gestures, and nonvocal communication
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DELAY
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speech production patterns that typically occur in children who are younger.
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DISORDER
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children with a speech disorder do not produce speech that is like children who dare developing normally
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FUNCTIONAL SPEECH IMPAIRMENT
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the cause of difficulties with speech development cannot be determined precisely.
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AQUIRED SPEECH IMPARMENT
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from an accident, drug use, stroke, etc.
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GENETIC SPEECH IMPAIRMENT
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PERSON BORN WITH AN ETIOLOGY SUCH AS A CLEFT PALATE
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Substitution:
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a speech error in which the child substitutes one sound for the target sound ex. T for s and w for r.
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Omission:
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an articulation error in which a child leaves out a speech sound “tip” produced as “ti”
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Distortion:
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when a speaker does not achieve the intended articulatory target and the resulting production is not a recognizable phoneme in the child’s native language.
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ADDITIONS
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put something in that doesn’t belong
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CHELIOPLASTY
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SURGICAL REPAIR OF A LIP DEFECT
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ENDOSCOPY
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EXAMINATION OF INTERIOR OF HOLLOW PLACE...
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HYPERNASALITY
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EXCESSIVELY UNDESIRABLE AMOUNT OF PERCIEVED NASAL CAVITY RESONANCE DURING PHONATION
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HYPONASALITY
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LACK OF NASAL RESONANCE FOR THE PHONEMES M, N AND NG
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NASAL EMISSION
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AIRFLOW THROUGH THE NOSE, USUALLY MEASUREABLE OR AUDIBLE (INCOMPLETE SEAL BETWEEN NASAL AND ORAL CAVATIES
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NASAL TURBINATES (CONCHE)
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SHELL SHAPED, THIN FACIAL BONE COVERED BY MUCOUS MEMBRANE ANND FORMING LATERAL WALL OF NASAL CAVITY
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NASOPHARYNX
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PART OF PHARYNX ABOVE THE LEVEL OF SOFT PALATE (OPENS TO NASAL CAVITY)
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PALATOPLASTY
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SURGICAL REPAIR OF A PALATAL DEFECT
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PHARYNGEAL FLAP SURGERY
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SURGERY TO AID IN VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE
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PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVES
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FRICATIVE SOUNDS PRODUCED WITH BACK OF TONGUE WITH PHARYNGEAL WALL
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PHARYNGEAL STOPS
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EXPLOSIVE SOUND
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PPW POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL
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BACK OF THE THROAT
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SUPERIOR SPHINCTER PHARYNGOPLASTY
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AID WITH VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE
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UVULA
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HANGES FROM SOFT PALATE AT MIDLINE
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