Sleep, Emotion, & Sexual Behavior

Front 1

Lark

Back 1

A person who is active and alert in the morning and becomes drowsy and innattentive in the eveneing.

Front 2

Circadian Cycle

Back 2

A change in biological and behavioral functioning over a 24 hour period.

Front 3

Circadian Rhythm

Back 3

An endogynous cycle that controls the circadian cycle, including sleep.

Front 4

SCN

Back 4

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Located in hypothalamus
Regulates circadian cycle

Front 5

Owl

Back 5

Reverse of a Lark

Front 6

Epinephrine plays a role in....

Back 6

Alertness. Larks have their peak in the morning and owls have their peaks at night. Others have it somewhere in the middle.

Front 7

Can this affect the sleep cycle?

Body temperature

Back 7

Yes.

Front 8

What changes throughout the day? List three.

Back 8

Body temperature, hormone levels, adenosine levels.

Front 9

Free-running Rhythm

Back 9

25 or more hour cycle that develops in the absence of natural light-dark cycles.

Front 10

This receptor in the eye detects the dawn-dusk cycle.

Back 10

Nonvisual photoreceptor.

Front 11

Information travels from the nonvisual photoreceptors travels to the SCN via what?

Back 11

Retinohypothalamic tract. This resets the SCN.

Front 12

Damage to the connections between the retina and SCN produce what?

Back 12

25 hour biological cycles.

Front 13

People with seasonal affective disorder have altered ____ levels.

Back 13

Melatonin

Front 14

Exposure to bright light has what two effects?

Back 14

Resets biological clock by resetting SCN.

Influences secretion of melatonin.

Front 15

How does SCN activity affect melatonin?

Back 15

SCN activity inhibits the release of melatonin.

Front 16

Zeitgebers

Back 16

Conditions in nature, running on a 24 hour cycle, that have the ability to reset the body's biological clock; An external time cue that resets an animal's biological clock every 24 hours

Front 17

High-____ foods help people stay awake, but high-_____ hasten sleep.

Back 17

Protein, carbohydrate

Front 18

What patterns are used to determine altertness and wakefulness?

Back 18

Cortical EEG patterns

Front 19

Cerveau isole preparation(Isolated forebrain preparation) is a cut between the inferior collicule and cuperior colliculi deprived the higher brain areas of sensory information from the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem. What effect did this have short term and long term?

Back 19

Short term: Cats slept continously.

Long term: Cats had a desynchronized EEG pattern.

Front 20

Reticular Formation/Reticular Activation System

Back 20

Plays a role in arousal. The midbrain RF receives nonspecific sensory information from all sensory systems and arouses the cerebral cortex.

Front 21

Midbrain Reticular Formation

Back 21

The midbrain RF receives nonspecific sensory information from all sensory systems and arouses the cerebral cortex via projections through thalamic nuclei.

Front 22

Locus Coeruleus

Back 22

Plays a role in arousal/wakefulness; Determines cortical activity levels and behavioral alertness.

Front 23

What is the neurotransmitter in the locus coeruleus?

Back 23

Norepenephrine

Front 24

Slow wave sleep consists of what stages of sleep?

Back 24

3 and 4

Front 25

Which stage of sleep is the hardest to arouse someone from?

Back 25

REM

Front 26

Which stage of sleep would be harder to wake someone from? 2 or 4?

Back 26

4

Front 27

Which stage of sleep would be harder to wake someone from? 1 or 3?

Back 27

3

Front 28

Which stage of sleep would harder to wake someone from? 2 or 3?

Back 28

3

Front 29

Secretions of what substances peak at night?

Back 29

Growth Hormone(During NREM sleep), Cortisol, and Melatonin

Front 30

PGO Waves:

Back 30

Pons --> Geniculate Nucleus --> Occipital Lobe
Spikes of activity that follow this path. Thought to be the foundation for the visual information experience in dreams.

Front 31

Effects of sleep deprivation include...

Back 31

Irritability, higher levels of depression, difficulty concentrating, reduced productivity, slowed thinking, more mistakes made, memory impairment, weight gain, increased appetite, anxiety, slowed reaction times, and decreases in vigilance.

Front 32

Microsleep

Back 32

When one appears to be awake but their EEG waves resemble stage one sleep.

Front 33

What are the three possible functions of sleep?

Back 33

Restorative(Helps replenish neurotransmitters, helps body recover, etc.), Cognitive(Consolidates memories), Protective (Evolutionary view that sleep conserves energy when good is scarce.)

Front 34

People who have trouble sleeping often have trouble maintaining what phase of sleep?

Back 34

Stage Two

Front 35

Raphe Nuclei

Back 35

Maintains NREM sleep.

Runs along the midline of the caudal reticular formation. Damage to the area produces insomnia.

Front 36

Basal Forebrain Region

Back 36

Induces NREM sleep. Located anterior to the hypothalamus.

Front 37

Lack of serotonin causes....

Back 37

Insomnia.

Front 38

Caudal Reticular Formation

Back 38

Produces REM sleep

Front 39

What structure iniates REM sleep?

Back 39

Caudal reticular formation

Front 40

Locus Coerulus activity inhibits what?

Back 40

The Caudal Reticular Formation and the initiation of REM sleep.

Front 41

How many dreams does a person have per night?

Back 41

4 to 6

Front 42

REM sleep correlates with what neurotransmitter?

Back 42

Achetocholine

Front 43

Insomnia is more prevalant in what groups?

Back 43

Older adults and women. Also, people who are widowed, divorced, or separated.

Front 44

Treatments for Insomnia

Back 44

Sleep hygiene, controlled sleep, benzodiazepine zolpidem

Front 45

Form of insomnia that occurs when a person stops taking a sleeping medication. (Or takes a lower than normal dose.)

Back 45

Drug-dependant Insomnia

Front 46

Repeated interuption of sleep caused by the cessation of breathing

Back 46

Sleep apnea

Front 47

Treatments for Sleep Apnea

Back 47

Weight loss, oral appliances, CPAP machines, and surgery.

Front 48

Sleepwalking occurs during...

Back 48

NREM sleep

Front 49

Cataplexy

Back 49

Sudden complete lack of muscle tone

Front 50

Which is more common? Sleep paralysis or cataplexy?

Back 50

Cataplexy. Only 20% of narcoleptics experience sleep.

Front 51

Narcolepsy is caused by problems with what gene?

Back 51

Hypocretin Receptor 2 gene

Front 52

How is narcolepsy treated?

Back 52

Medication(Anphetamine, antidepressants) and theraputic naps

Front 53

REM Behavior Disorder

Back 53

Physically acting out dreams due to lack of postural muscle paralysis during REM sleep. Caused by damage to the magnocellular nucleus.

Front 54

Androstenedione

Back 54

An adrenal adrogen hormone that affects the sexual responsivity in a pre-menopausal woman. It's similar to testosterone.

Front 55

Pheremone

Back 55

A chemical released into the enviroment and used for communication within a species; can be used to signal reproductive readiness; play a role in regulating reproductive cycles

Front 56

Oxytocin

Back 56

A posterior pituitary hormone that plays a role in sexual arousal, orgasm, nest-building, suckling, and bonding with offspring.

Front 57

Medial Preoptic Area

Back 57

Elicits sexual behavior in females. Involved in sexual motivation in males. Located in anterior hypothalamus.

Front 58

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Back 58

Responsible for the influence of estrogen on female sexual behavior.

Front 59

How does the hypothalamus affect male sexual behavior?

Back 59

Indirectly: stimulating the creation and release of testosterone
Directly: By eliciting sexual behavior.

Front 60

Aqcuired sexual motive

Back 60

A learned sexual response produced through conditioning

Front 61

What is loudness measured in?

Back 61

Decibels

Front 62

What is fequency measured in?

Back 62

Hertz

Front 63

A sounds complexity, percieved as timbre, comes from what?

Back 63

The complexity of the sound way.

Front 64

Pitch comes from what quality of a sound wave?

Back 64

Frequency.

Front 65

Loudness comes from what quality of a sound wave?

Back 65

Amplitude.

Front 66

Timbre

Back 66

The purity of a sound; The combination of frequencies that gives each sound its characteristic quality

Front 67

The stapes (stirrup) attaches to what part of the ear?

Back 67

Oval window

Front 68

Activation Effect

Back 68

Effect of hormones on sexual responsivity

Front 69

Stages of Stress

Back 69

Alarm --> Resistance --> Exhaustion

Front 70

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is bigger in ____ than in ______.

Back 70

Males, females.

Front 71

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Back 71

Stimulus --> Arousal --> Emotion
The view that the physiological changes that occur in response to an event determine the experience of an emotion.

Front 72

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Back 72

Stimulus --> Thalamus ---> Physiological Reaction and Emotion simultaneously
The view that an event activates the thalamus, which stimulates the cerebral cortex to produce the feeling component, and at the same time, the rest of the body to produce the expression of the emotion.

Front 73

Schachter's Cognitive Model

Back 73

Stimulus --> Physiological Response --> Attribution of Response --> Emotion

The view that if one is unable to identify the cause of physiological arousal they will attribute it to environmental conditions.

Front 74

Kindling

Back 74

Repeated stimulation of the amygdala that produces structural changes that make an animal more prone to seizures.