Sleep And Dreams Final

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

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Feel to urge when resting, recognized 400 years ago. Appears to be nothing wrong.

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

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Appears to be nothing wrong, goes away when working, onset by rest.

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

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One of most common disorders, genetic. Due to dopamine production issue. May flare with iron deficiency.

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

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Not really a specific treatment for it, although some meds do exist. These meds were the butt of many late night comics' jokes.

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Nocturnal Leg Cramps

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Painful, occur during sleep, cause awakening. May lead to insomnia, occur in episodes.

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Bruxism

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Repeated grinding of teeth at night. Associated with stress. Common in children with mental deficiencies.

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Sleep Apnea

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Many people with this do not get diagnosed clinically. Not given enough attention given how dangerous it is.

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

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Absence of airflow through nose and mouth despite persistent efforts to breathe. Far more common than the other type of this disorder. Affects mood, blood pressure, appearance, behavior.

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Central Sleep Apnea

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Absence of any effort to breathe, leading to absence of airflow through nose and mouth.

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Snoring

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A sign of obstructive sleep apnea (when really loud). Misconception that this is normal, but it never is. Narrowing of the throat during sleep.

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Hypopnea

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Symptom of OSA, breathing continues, but with greatly reduced volume of air.

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Apnea/Hypopnea Index

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A way of characterizing the severity of OSA. Divides apneas into mild, moderate, and severe. Higher the index value, worse the apnea.

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Sleep apnea

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Causes heart problems, drop in blood oxygen levels.

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Chronic tracheostomy

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A treatment for severe sleep apnea in the 70s. Opening in the trachea.

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Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

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Treatment for sleep apnea, more recent. Uses pressure to open up the airways. Must be used for remainder of patients life at night.

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Uvulopalatopharyngolasty (UPPP)

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Surgical treatment for sleep apnea. Cuts out some things in the mouth area. Meant for those who cannot tolerate CPAP. Might actually sometimes make the case worse.

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Nelson and Powell

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Stanford surgeons that treated OSA with ENT and maxillofacial procedures in the 90s.

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Parasomnia

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Inappropriate behaviors that intrude on the sleep process. Show that sleeping brain is an active brain, as they are manifestations brain activity.

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Confusional arousals

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Parasomnia marked by nocturnal drunkenness, excessive sleep inertia. Early in the night, deep sleep state. Recall of symptoms is disabled.

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Sleep terror

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Victim gets up and screams during the night. Can happen during naps, usually during nREM sleep. Recall is rare.

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Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

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Subject arises from deep sleep and leaves bed to walk a certain distance. Strong family history. Happens during nREM sleep.

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Rhythmic movement disorder

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During early nREM stages. Marked by rocking during sleep.

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Sleep talking (somnoliquy)

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Usually not serious. Unaware talking during sleep.

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Nightmare disorder

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Not to be confused with night terrors, occur during REM, mainly in children.

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Sleep paralysis

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Inability to perform voluntary movements at sleep onset or awakening. Known as a dissociated REM state, motor atonia present in isolation. Lowering sleep debt can help make it go away.

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Painful nocturnal erections

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Erections that occur at night and are painful. Associated with recall of dreams.

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Sleep eneuresis

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Can occur at all stages of sleep, leads to embarrassment. Usually happens in children or low socioeconomic males. Rare in adults.

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Sleep-Related Panic Attacks

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Can happen throughout nREM sleep, but usually in the later stages of it. Sudden awakening, cause usually not known.

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Violent somnambulism

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Harming people during sleep, can go as far as homicide.

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Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome

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Chronic fatigue, book calls it "college student sleep disorder."

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Karl A. Ekbom

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Swedish neurologist who introduced the term restless leg syndrome.

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Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic

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Revolutionized treatment of sleep disorders, made them far more known. Many discoveries.

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Polysomnography

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All-night diagnostic sleep test, brought to light by Stanford in 1970. Clinical diagnosis standard.

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International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)

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Lists all sleep disorders.

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Walla Walla Project

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Dr. Dement and Dr. Nino-Murcia set out to make sleep disorders more known. Too many people were going with their sleep disorder undiagnosed.

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Iglowstein

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Did research to show that sleep habits decline from infancy to adolescence.

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Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB)

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Ranges from simple snoring to OSA. A child with this could be misdiagnosed as having ADD due to the sleep deprivation.

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Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

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Very common with adolescents, the circadian rhythm is screwed up.

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Richard Ferber

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Harvard doctor that popularized ferberizing, leaving baby to cry self to sleep.

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Restless Leg Syndrome

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Urge to move leg while sleeping, makes people lose sleep. Common in children.

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Nocturnal seizure

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Parasomnia that can be confused for many other types of parasomnias.

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DSPS

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Circadian rhythm disorder. Sleep-onset insomnia, inability to awake well at the time needed. Connected to depression.

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Chronotherapy

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Method to fix DSPS, move sleep time a lot earlier.

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Phototherapy

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Method to fix DSPS, control light before sleep and during awakening.

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Jet Lag

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Traveling to new time zone screws up circadian rhythm. Gastrointestinal and urinal problems can develop due to this.

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Shift work

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Causes offset circadian rhythm, there are medications by the FDA that help but aren't as good as eliminating shift work altogether.

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Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS)

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Opposite of DSPS, falling asleep and waking up too early. Higher prevalence in older people.

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Insomnia

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Inability to sleep and having this affect the next day.

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Symptom

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Something a patient reports that he feels.

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Syndrome

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A collection of symptoms.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

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A way to help fix sleep insomnia without medication. Makes patient think differently about sleep.

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Stimulus Control

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A way to help fix insomnia without medication. Makes patient, for example, go to bed only when they feel tired to avoid frustration.

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Relaxation Training

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A way to help fix insomnia without medication. Relaxes patient through meditation, yoga, etc.

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Histamine

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Chemical that promotes wakefulness. Antihistamines help stop their effect.