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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stage 1 sleep
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alpha waves: 8-12 cycles/sec(occipital)
Beta waves: slightly faster, more synchronization |
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Stage 2 sleep
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Isolated k waves; groups of high voltage slow waves
Sleep spindles: shuts out outside signals |
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Deep sleep:
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delta waves: low frequency, high voltage slow waves
deeper sleep |
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REM sleep
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every 90 minutes, change wave pattern that is similar to awake state; relaxed muscles except for saccades
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Sleep architecture
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varies w/ age-->less slow wave sleep, more awakening
slow wave sleep--->restores brain chemistry |
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Wakefullness centers of brain
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Pons-midbrain junction: reticular activating system (ACh)
Raphe nucleus: serotonin Thalamus: controls access between sensory input and cortex,recieves signals from waking centers (oscillating burst most-->prevents access to cortex; tonic firing-->allows communication) orexin-->sustained wakefullnesss Suprachiasmatic nucleus-->senses light |
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Slow Wave -non-REM sleep
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Lateral portion of thalamus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
-decr in reticular activating system -medial preoptic hypothalamus and SCN inhibit wakefullness centers -Adenosine(caffeine is antagonist) -GABA -synchronization, spindles, and slow waves |
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REM sleep
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Pons
A) Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei B)Pedunculopontine nuclei i. eye movements ii. inhibits RAS, dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus iii. muscle tone -Pontogeniculo occipital waves -Ach via GABA to turn off spindles |
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Masking
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something confuses entrainment (synchronization of biological clock): ex. leave lights on for 24hrs will disturb rythm
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Zeitgeber
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-external cue that entrains mind to synchronize
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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detects light-->sends cues to set biological rhythm-->superior cervical ganglion-->
-->pineal gland to increase melatonin production (melatonin-->communicates biological clock to other waking centers -turns off outside cues -activates waking center so that activity is maintained when awake) |
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Sleep deprivation
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increased slow waves the next night-->restoring back to homeostasis
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Wake
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ACH, NE, 5HT-->incr in cAMP in astrocytes-->glycogenolysis-->peaks of neuronal activity-->depletion of brain glycogen regionally-->regional transient energy deficit-->adenosine release-->increased K+ conductance-->tonic membrane hyperpolarization-->delta waves of thalamocortical origin-->shuts off outside cues
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Parasomnias
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something is wrong in another organ that affects sleep (asthma and ulcers)
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Insomnia
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-Repeated difficulty w/ sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite time and opportunity for sleep and results in some form of daytime impairment
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Precipitating factors for insomnia
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naps
alcohol sleeping pills (benzodiazapene receptor agonist [zaleplon and zolpidem] affect cognition and memory) -GABA receptors down-regulate while on drug-->rebound insomnia Anxiety of not being able to sleep Psychophysiologic insomnia-learned -marked overconcern w/ inability to sleep |
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Tx:
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
-sleep hygeine issues: go to be on regular schedule -no TV or reading in bed -sit in chair (associate bed w/ sleep) -no naps -environment-cool, dark, soothing -no snoozing or alarm Sleep restriction therapy: sleep journal and only allow sleep when actually sleeping |
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Narcolepsy
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-sleep attacks
-cataplexy: pass out when excited -Hypnogogic hallucinations; lose track of whats real and whats dream -Sleep paralysis: wakeup and can't move -fragmented nocturnal sleep -reduced orexin neurons |
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narcolepsy tx
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stimulants: amphetamines (sympathomimetic) mehyphenidate
antidepressants-->reduce catplexy -consolidate sleep and improve sleep quality: Na+oxygbate (GHB)-->makes sleep time better |
