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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three principle measures of sleep? |
Electro-encephalogram (head) Electro-oculogram (eye) Electro-myogram (neck) |
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What are pre-sleep alpha waves? |
Bursts of 8 to 12-Hz activity in low amplitude/high frequency waves
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What are the the stages of sleep EEG? |
Progressive - increase in amplitude, but a decrease in frequency
Sleep spindle - 1 to 2s burst of 12 to 14 Hz waves K complex- single large upward, then downwards deflection |
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What is the recuperation theory? |
Being awake disrupts homeostasis, and therefore sleep is done to restore these energy levels |
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What is the evolutionary theory? |
Sleep is not a reaction to homeostatic disruption, it is evolved to prevent accidents and predation at night It believes sleep is like sec, we don't need it to stay alive, but we are still motivated to have it |
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How do animals provide evidence against recuperation theory? |
There are large species differences in sleep which are not related to body size/temperature For example, sloths hardly move yet they sleep 20 hours a day Little/no effect of exercise on sleep duration in humans |
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What do evolutionary theories suggest that sleep is related to? |
Sleep is related to two factors; how vunerable you are asleep and time spent eating per day/
For example, lions do little else but sleep for 2 days after a kill |
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What does the recuperation theory suggest about sleep deprivation? |
Two things will occur: Increase in physioloigcal/behavioural disturbances After deprivation, missed sleep must be regained |
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What does deprivation influence? |
Mood Physiological function Molecular function |
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What are the effects on executive function? (Curcio et al., 2006) |
Assimilating changing information, updating plans, and reference memory becomes more difficult. |
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What did Dement suggest about the sleep deprivation recovery? |
People recover well after sleep deprivation, Randy Gardner stayed up for 260 hours (world record), yet when he feel asleep for the first time, the 1st recovery night was 14 hours, after that it went back to 8 hours. |
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How do anti-depressants affect REM sleep? |
Vogel et al. suggests preventing REM sleep acts like an anti-depressant Scherschlicht et al. examined effects of 20 antidepressants; they all reduced REM sleep and most increase slow-wave sleep |
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What is the effect of REM sleep deprivation in humans? |
Preventing REM sleep makes the body want it more Deprivation of REM sleep causes a transient rebound No cognitive or emotional effects |
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What are the effects found of sleep deprivation on animals? |
Rats were put on a carousel apparatus used to deprive an experimental rat of sleep while a yoked control rat is exposure to the same number and pattern of disk rotations The disk is on which both rats rest rotates every time the experimental rat has a sleep EEG, if it doesnt awaken it is deposited into the water After several days, the rats died However, post-mortem revealed wounded adrenal glands, gastric ulcers, and internal bleeding as a result of stress not sleep deprivation |
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How does the hypothalamus effect sleep? |
Constantin studies the brain of those who had died from the virus encephalitis lethargica (sleep sickness) Victims who had difficulty sleeping were found to have damaged in the anterior region of the hypothalamus Those who had difficulty staying awake had a damaged posterior area Confirmed in lesion studies on animals |
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What did Bremer (1836) find out about the reticular system? |
Cerveau isole transsection = slow-wave pattern Encephale isole transsection = normal-wave pattern Thus, wakefulness area = somewhere between the two |
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How is the reticular system involved in sleep? |
Mouzzi & Morgan (1949) found that stimulation of the reticular formation of sleeping cats woke them up |
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What are 2 types of sleep disorders? |
Narcolepsy - relatively brief periods of sudden sleep REM sleep without core muscle atonia - sleep walking |
