Sleep

Front 1

Sleep

Back 1

is a cyclical physiological process that alternates with longer periods of wakefulness.

Front 2

The sleep cycle does what for the body?

Back 2

influences and regulates physiological function and behavioral responses.

Front 3

circadian rhythm

Back 3

24-hour, day-night cycle

Front 4

infradian rhythm

Back 4

one that occurs in a cycle longer than 24 hour. EX: woman's menstrual cycle

Front 5

ultradian rhythm

Back 5

biological cycles lasting less than 24 hours.

Front 6

Circadian rhythms include what?

Back 6

daily sleep-wake cycles, that are affected by light and temperature and external factors such as social activities and work routines.

Front 7

Reversals in the sleep-wake cycle such as falling asleep during the day (or vice versa for people who work nights) can indicate what?

Back 7

a serious illness

Front 8

What are common symptoms of disturbances in the sleep cycle?

Back 8

anxiety, restlessness, irritability, and impaired judgement.

Front 9

Normally, body temperature peaks when?

Back 9

in the afternoon, decreases gradually, and then drops sharply after a person falls asleep

Front 10

Sleep involves a sequence of physiological states maintained what what systems of the body?

Back 10

central nervous system (CNS) activity that is associated with changes in the peripheral nervous , endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems.

Front 11

electroencephalogram (EEG) measures what involving some structural physiological aspects of sleep?

Back 11

electrical activity in the cerebral cortex

Front 12

electomyogram (EMG) measures what involving some structural physiological aspects of sleep?

Back 12

muscle tone

Front 13

electrooculogram (EOG) measures what involving some structural physiological aspects of sleep?

Back 13

eye movement

Front 14

Ascending reticular activating system (RAS)

Back 14

located in the upper brain stem is believed to contain special cells that maintain alertness and wakefulness. The RAS recieves visual, auditory, pain and tactile sensory stimuli.

Front 15

Activity from the __ __ (e.g., emotions or thought processes) also stimulates the RAS.

Back 15

cerebral cortex

Front 16

Wakefulness results from neurons in the RAS that release catecholamines such as what?

Back 16

norephinephrine

Front 17

Bulbar synchronizing region (BSR)

Back 17

Sleep may be produced by the release of serotonin from specialized cells in the raphe sleep system of the pons and medulla. Whether a person remains awake or falls asleep depends on a balance of impulses from higher centers (thoughts), peripheral sensory receptors (sound or light stimuli), and the limbic system

Front 18

During NREM a sleeper progresses through four stages during a typical __-minute sleep cycle

Back 18

90

Front 19

Lighter sleep is characteristic of stages?

Back 19

1 and 2, and a person is more easily arousable.

Front 20

Stages 3 and 4 involve what?

Back 20

a deeper sleep, called slow-wave sleep, from which a person is more difficult to arouse.

Front 21

Rapid eye movement sleep is what?

Back 21

the phase at the end of each sleep cycle.

Front 22

The cyclical pattern usually progresses how?

Back 22

from stage 1 throught stage 4 of NREM, followed by a reversal from stage 4 to 3 to 2, ending with a period of REM sleep.

Front 23

A person usually reaches REM sleep about ___ minutes into the sleep cycle.

Back 23

90

Front 24

With each successive cycle, what stages shorten and what stage lengthens?

Back 24

stages 3 and 4 shorten, and the period of REM lengthens.

Front 25

Newborns and children spend more time in what stage where as with aging sleep becomes what?

Back 25

deep sleep, becomes more fragmented and more time is spent in lighter stages

Front 26

NREM sleep contributes to what?

Back 26

body tissue retoration

Front 27

During NREM sleep, biological functions ___.

Back 27

slow

Front 28

During deep slow-wave (NREM stage 4) sleep, the body does what?

Back 28

releases human growth hormone for the repair and renewal of epithelial and specialized cells such as brain cells.

Front 29

Protein synthesis and cell division for renewal of tissues include what?

Back 29

the skin, bone marrow, gastric mucosa, or brain; occur during rest and sleep

Front 30

Another theory about the purpose of sleep is what?

Back 30

that the body conserves energy during sleep. The skeletal muscles relax progressively , and the absence of muscular contraction preserves chemical energy for cellular processes.

Front 31

REM sleep is needed for what?

Back 31

brain tissue restoration and appears to be important for cognitive restoration.

Front 32

REM sleep is associated with what changes?

Back 32

in cerebral blood flow, increased cortical activity, increased oxygen consumption, and epinephrine release.

Front 33

A loss of REM sleep can lead to what?

Back 33

feelings of confusion and suspicion. Various body functions (mood, motor performance, memory, and equilibrium) can be altered when prolonged sleep loss occurs

Front 34

Although dreams occur during both NREM and REM sleep, the dreams of REM are what?

Back 34

more vivid and elaborate and are believed to be functionally important to learning, memory processing, and adaptation to stress.

Front 35

Hypertension often does what for sleep?

Back 35

causes early morning awakening and fatigue

Front 36

Hypothyroidism causes what to sleep? Hyperthyoidism?

Back 36

Hypo-decreaes stage 4 sleep; Hyper-causes persons to take more time to fall asleep

Front 37

nocturia

Back 37

urination during the night

Front 38

Restless leg syndrome (RLS)

Back 38

recurrent, rhythmical movement of the feet and legs. An itching sensation is felt deep in the muscles. Relief comes only from moving the legs, which prevents relaxation and subsequent sleep.

Front 39

Secondary RLS has been found to be associated with what?

Back 39

lower level of iron, pregnancy, and uremia.

Front 40

hypersomnolence

Back 40

an excessive amount of time at night, take long naps during the day, and generally feel drowsy and distracted when awake.