Slcc 1090 Unit 6 And The Muscular System

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

Double Stranded (Adenine, Thyamine, Guanine, Cytosine)

Front 2

RNA

Back 2

Single Stranded (A, C, G, Uracil)

Front 3

Protien

Back 3

A polymer composed of 20 amino acids hooked together.

Front 4

Transcription

Back 4

A. RNA polymerase binds the promoter region of the gene.
B. RNA polymerase zips down the length of the gene, matching RNA nucleotides.
C. The product of transcription is the messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front 5

Protein Synthesis

Back 5

A protein is put together one amino acid at a time.

Front 6

Translation Steps

Back 6

1. Amino acids and tRNA float in cytoplasm.
2. Enzymes bind tRNA to a specific amino acid.
3. tRNA dock complimentary RNA cadon on the ribosome.
4. Amino acids join to form a nucleotide.
5. Ribosomes moves on to the next codon.
6.Stop codon signals mRNA and protien release.
7. Protien does it's job.
8. Ribosomes and mRNA fall apart and are used again.

Front 7

Mutations

Back 7

Changes in genetic sequence.

Front 8

Base Substitution

Back 8

Simple substitution of one base for another.

Front 9

Frameshift

Back 9

Addition or deletion or a base, which changes the reading of a frame.

Front 10

Substitution

Back 10

A different amino acid.

Front 11

Regulation

Back 11

unknown

Front 12

Gene Expression

Back 12

Turning a gene or set of genes on/off.

Front 13

Genetic Engineering

Back 13

Producing a non-native gene in an organism.

Front 14

Steps of Genetic Engineering

Back 14

1. Remove gene from cow plasmid.
2. Insert BGH gene into bacterial plasmid.
3. Insert recombinant plasmid into bacterial cell.

Front 15

Genetically Modified Foods

Back 15

Have increased shelf life, yield, and national value.

Front 16

Transgenic Organism

Back 16

A gene from on organism to the genome of another.

Front 17

Stem Cells

Back 17

Undifferentiated cells capable of growing into many different cells

Front 18

Human Genome Project.

Back 18

International effort to Mao the entire human genome. (20,000- 25,000 genes)

Front 19

Gene Therapy

Back 19

Replacement of defective genes with functional genes.

Front 20

Myocytes

Back 20

Muscle Cells

Front 21

Myofibril

Back 21

Groups of contractile myofilmits that run through a muscle.

Front 22

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

Back 22

A. Contractility
B. Extensibility (Flexibility)
C. Elasticity
D. Excitability (Irritability)

Front 23

Tendon

Back 23

Round, cord like fibrous connective tissue

Front 24

Aponeurosis

Back 24

Broad flat sheet of connective tissue.

Front 25

Tendon Sheaths

Back 25

Specialized tendons that are enclosed tubes of fibrose connective tissue.
They contain a film of synovial fluid with a similar function to bursae.

Front 26

Skeletal Muscle

Back 26

A. Job- Move Bones
B. Multinucleated- Cells fuse to 1 cell

Front 27

Compartment Syndrome

Back 27

Fascia doesn't expand.

Front 28

Sarcolemma

Back 28

Muscle cell membrane.

Front 29

Myofibrils

Back 29

Muscle cell cytoplasm.

Front 30

Sacroolasmic Reticulum

Back 30

Modified ER for storing C a+2 in muscles.

Front 31

Myoglibin

Back 31

Oxygen binding proteins in muscles.

Front 32

Myosin and Actin

Back 32

Myosin is a molecular motor that burns ATP "walk" on actin.

Front 33

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Back 33

Junction between axon terminal and muscle fiber.

Front 34

Motor Neuron

Back 34

Nerve to stimulate muscle movement.

Front 35

Acetylcholine

Back 35

Neurotransmitter released from motor neuron to initiate an action potential (muscle movement)

Front 36

Steps in Contraction

Back 36

unknown

Front 37

Action Potential

Back 37

Nerve releasing ACN to initiate muscle movement.

Front 38

Lactic Acid

Back 38

A is gle action potential leading to a single contraction.

Front 39

Twitch Contraction

Back 39

A single action potential leading to a single contraction.

Front 40

Cardiac Muscle

Back 40

A. Striated and Involuntary- Moves without thought.
B. Heart Walls- Formed by cardiac muscles (Myocardium)
C. Always moving up so can't have lactic acid build up.

Front 41

Smooth Muscle

Back 41

A. Non- Striated and Involuntary
B. Visceral- Located in walls if hollow internal surfaces (blood vessels, stomach, urinary bladder, intestines)
C. Stretched- To great lengths

Front 42

Origin

Back 42

Most mass
More proximal
Large surface area of attachment.

Front 43

Insertion.

Back 43

Less mass
More distal
Small surface of attachment.

Front 44

Gaster (Belly)

Back 44

Fleshy portion of muscle

Front 45

Agonist (Prime Mover)

Back 45

Muscle responsible for the force.

Front 46

Antagonist

Back 46

Performs opposite movement.

Front 47

Synergist

Back 47

Assists Antagonist

Front 48

Fixator (Stabilizer)

Back 48

Stabalizes body segment so antagonist can work.

Front 49

Flexion

Back 49

Joint angle smaller

Front 50

Extention

Back 50

Joint larger angle

Front 51

Abduction

Back 51

Moves away from center

Front 52

Adduction

Back 52

Move toward center

Front 53

Circumduction

Back 53

Circular motion with a joint.