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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Original Sin
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Western Church
Humans born into sin, therefore death |
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Original Guilt (Ancestral)
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Eastern Church
Humans born into death, therefore sin Adam's sin made us mortal |
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The Fall
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Adam and Eve's disobeying God
Tree of Knowledge |
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Salvation
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Offered by God, deliverance from sin
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Sacrament
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Physical ritual by which God conveys grace to humans
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Liturgy
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Prayers, hymns, other texts of worship
Roman Catholic: Liturgy of Word, Liturgy of Eucharist Orthodox: Liturgy of Catechumens, Liturgy of Faithful |
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Free Will
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Humans can choose to follow God or not, b/c made from God's image
Most denom's believe humans can accept salvation Calvinism says no free will - everything in God's doing |
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Saint
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Those who have been acknowledged as moving on path of theosis
Prot: Sainthood of all believers RC/Orth: Pray to Saints, bc they are greater in communion with God |
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Purgatory
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Place where one continues to be punished for their sins that are forgiven but still need punishment
-Not sins leading to death, but sins that show corruption/needs purification RC: Place of cleansing and prep for heaven Prot: Idea is rejected Orth: Intermediate state is recognized, not for cleansing/purification |
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Crucifixion
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Jesus' death - like thieves, murderers, and evil criminals
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10 Commandments
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Given to Moses
Old Covenant |
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Martyr
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Someone who is killed due to religious beliefs
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Ecclesiastical
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Dealing with the church or church affairs, including church structure
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Ecumenical
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Council is considered ecumenical only if entire church agrees on it
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Theocracy
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Organization where the policy is to be governed by divine guidance
God is head |
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Justification
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Becoming righteous
Through Christ's sacrifice of atonement |
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Redemption
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Element of salvation to express deliverance from sin
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Deification (theosis)
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God became man so that human beings can be united with God
1- Jesus' incarnation results in forgiveness of sins 2- Provides avenue for human transformation to become united with God, therefore God-like |
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Synergy
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Two agents who work together to receive a particular result.
A doctrine that says although God grants humans the grace and ability to accept him, acknowledge him and be saved, Humans have their own part in this process b/c they have free will, so they can accept or reject the offer of salvation [RC/Orth] |
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Monergy
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Only one agent: God's will
God changes peoples hearts. His grace leads the elect irresistibly to his salvation Calvinist view |
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Soteriology
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What humans are offered by God
Salvation, Redemption, Justification, Deliverance, Ransom |
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Apophaticism
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Tells who God is by telling who he isn't
Orth Theology + Prot Theology [Mixture of Apophaticism & Cataphaticism] |
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Cataphaticism
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Makes positive statements about who and what God is
RC Theology + Prot [Mixture of Apophaticism & Cataphaticism] |
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Sacraments [RC]
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Fixed at 7:
-Baptism [washes away original sin] -Confirmation [Anointed with oil, done by priest, one can receive gifts of Holy Spirit] -Eucharist/Communion [Blood and body of Christ, Focus of liturgical churches] -Confession/Penance [Admission of sin usually to priest] -Marriage [Unbreakable contract, like that between Church and Christ] -Holy Orders [Concept of charisma] -Holy Unction(Anointing of sick) [Spiritual aid to those in need] RC/Orth: We receive grace through these physical, visual, and material events |
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Sacraments [Orth]
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At least 7:
-Baptism [Infant bapt okay; Bapt generates us into new life] -Christmation [Able to receive Eucharist; Similar to Confirmation] -Eucharist [Blood and body of Christ] -Confession [Admission of sin] -Marriage [Mystical union between man and woman; Priests/deacons can marry before ordination but not after; Bishops must be celibate] -Holy Orders [Concept of charisma] -Holy Unction(Anointing of sick) [Spiritual aid to those in need] Mysteries convey grace to those who participate in them worthily. |
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Sacraments [Prot]
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Only 2:
-Baptism [Range of baptism methods] -Eucharist/Communion [Blood and body of Christ] Marriage: Contract, but not unbreakable; Most denom's don't require celibacy for clergy |
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Trinity
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Father, Son, Holy Spirit
- God is one in essence, but this essence manifests itself in three hypostases |
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Yahweh
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Name of God in Bible
- God who delivered Israel out of Egypt -Gave Ten Commandments -Did not permit his people to make idols or worship other gods |
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The Lamb
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Jesus = Sacrificial lamb
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Ecumenical Council 1
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Nicaea - 325 - Nicean Creed
-Identity of Christ; No textual evidence decided -Condemnation of Arianism - Political issue of Church organization |
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Ecumenical Council 2
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381
-Pentarchy and hierarchy within (Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Rome) -Theological issue with Nicene Creed - God is One, God is Three -Nature of Holy Spirit |
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Ecumenical Council 3
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-Relationship between God and the divine
-Nature of Christ (divinity) -Condemnation of Nestoriansim |
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Ecumenical Council 4
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-Issues when divine overwhelms the human
-Divine and human have connection due to Jesus -Divine > Human -Nature of Christ (humanity of God) -Condemnation of Monophysites |
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Ecumenical Council 5
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-Condemn teachings of Origin and Nestorius
-Mary = Christotokus b/c she's mother of Jesus -Confirmed councils 3 and 4 as far as the nature of Christ |
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Ecumenical Council 6
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681
-Restoration of the unity in the body of Christ (church) -Nature of Christ -Condemnation of Monothelitism or Monoenergism which stated Christ had two natures but one will |
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Ecumenical Council 7
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-Veneration of Icons
-Called by Emperor Constantine -Decisions accepted by entire church |
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Apostle
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One of Jesus' 12 followers; eye-witnesses
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Apostolic See
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Basically the area of jurisdiction/authority of an Apostle
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Pope
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-Bishop of Rome
-Apostolic succession from Peter -Catholic Church |
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Patriarch, Patriarchate
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-Three biblical figures regarded as the fathers of the human race and other ancestors (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob)
-Title of most senior Orthodox/Catholic priest -A bishop of the most ancient Christians (Alex, Antioch, Constan, Jerus, Rome) |
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Metropolitan
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-Above bishop, Below Patriarch
-Western Church: bishop with provincial powers -Eastern Church: bishop who is head of ecclesiastical province, ranks next below patriarch |
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Bishop
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-Oversees church organizations
-Appoint priests, presbyters, deacons -Appointed by other bishops (Min 3) -RC and Orth traditions, plus some Anglican |
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Priest
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-Appointed by bishop
-Can perform sacred rites (Eucharist and Baptism) -Assist bishop, cares for one community but never independently -RC: Only bishops perform confirmations -Orth: Can perform Christmation |
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Deacon
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-Carry out social, practical, and liturgical functions
(gathering money) |
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Episcopate
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-Office or term of office of a bishop
-Collective body of all bishops of the church |
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Diocese
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District under the supervision of a bishop
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Monk
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-Member of community where they separate from those not sharing same purpose
-Monks are monastic (Founded by St Anthony) |
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Hermit
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-Early form of monastic living (extreme, strict)
-Living in solitude as religious discipline -St Jerome |
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Conciliarism
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-Reform in RC in 14/15/16th Century
-Authority resided with corporation of Christians, not with the Pope |
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Hierarchical Structure
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Used in Orth
-Conciliar: Bishops meet together to solve -Hierarchy of Honor: Churches in important regions (Ant, Rome) held higher honor; but not seen more or less authoritative -Collegial: Group of people who make up a particular decision |
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Monarchical structure
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-Developed in the West
-Jurisdictional authority given to bishop of Rome |
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Presbyterian structure
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Group of presbyters who decide over geographical area
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Congregational structure
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Each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs
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Homoousion
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"Of one essence"
Trinity, "same substance" |
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ousia-
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"to be" or "being" or "essence"
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Hypostatis
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-Pertains to Trinity
-God is one essence, manifested into three HYPOSTASES |
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physis
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-nature
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Theotokos
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Greek title of Mary that means "God bearer" or "Mother of God"
Mostly used in Orth church |
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Incarnation
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Becoming flesh (Jesus)
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Theosis
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Becoming God or becoming devine
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Charisma
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-For priest/clergy to be ordained, they need charisma given by God
-Apostolic succession -Prot: Directly from Holy Spirit |
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Filioque
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-Holy Spirit comes from Father "AND THE SON"
-RC: Nicene Creed includes this -Orth: do not accept this -Prot: generally accepted |
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Logos
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God's word = God is logos
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Christology
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Study of nature and person of Jesus Christ
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Eschatology
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-Study of the end times
-End of ordinary reality and reunion with divine -Concerned with Death, Judgment, Hell, and Heaven |
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Divine Liturgy
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-Words that are composed or sung during worship service
-Orth: service = Divine Liturgy |
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Vespers
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Sat evening prayers, commonly in Orth
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Compline
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-Service of evening prayers, forming part of the divine office of the Cath Church
-Traditionally said/chanted before retiring for night |
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Nocturns
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RC - service of evening prayer
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Matins
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-Service of morning prayers, before mass/liturgy
-Anglican/Orth churches |
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Hours
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-Services held at 6am, 9am, Noon, 3pm
-Consist mostly of Psalms generally related to events in the passion of Christ which took places at that particular hour of the day |
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Vigil
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-May be held on eve of religious festival
-"Keeping watch" |
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Lenten Cycle
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-Cycle of movable feasts in RC
-Approx. 40 days -Holy Week = Week before Easter |
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Paschal Cycle
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Cycle of movable feasts in Orth Church
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"Ordinary Time"
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time in the church calendar where nothing special is going on
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Octoechos
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Name of 8 mode system used for the composition of religious chant in Syrian, Coptic, Byzantine, Armenian, Latin and Slavic churches
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Liturgy of Catechumens
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-First part of service
-Epistle and Gospel is read |
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Liturgy of the Faithful
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-Only for baptized
-Second part of service - Eucharist performed |
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Pentateuch
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First five books of Old Testament (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy)
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the Law
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-Laws of Judaism found in OT
-Jesus spoke against strict observation of traditional practices |
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the Prophets
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Messengers of God
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Old Testaments
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-39 books
-Old covenants before the life of Jesus -Prot, RC, Orth have different versions of what comprises the OT |
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New Testament
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-27 books
-New promises that came with Jesus, new covenant made between God and his people through Jesus |
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Gospels
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-Four books written about Jesus's life
-Good News of salvation |
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Synoptic Gospels
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-Matt, Mark, Luke
-Share common views, similar info on Jesus -John is different |
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Paul's Epistles
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-Letters St. Paul wrote to various groups
-Colossians, Thessalonions, Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Timothy, Titus, Philemon -Insight to early church -Foundation to Christian theology and Christian ethics |
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Apocrypha
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Books included in the Septuagint and Vulgate, but excluded from Jewish and Protestant canons of OT
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Septuagint
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-70 elders translated Pentateuch to Greek
-Other books inserted that were written in Greek -Prot don't agree with all things written in Greek books |
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Docetism
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The belief that Jesus' body and crucifixion were illusion and that Jesus was composed of pure spirit
-Notion condemned at Ecumenical Council 4, 451 |
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Donatism
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-Bishops/priests who succumbed to demands of persecution (burning Christian texts) were traitors
-Donastists refused to accept back the traitors after persecution ended |
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Gnosticism
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Salvation comes through secret knowledge; redemption needed from the material world
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Marcionism
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-Disregards OT (God is different in OT and NT)
-Originated in teachings of Marcion of Sinope of Rome in 2nd century |
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Montansim
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-Revelation not only with Christ, but leaders get teachings directly from God
-Montanus, proclaimed prophet, 2nd century |
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Novatianism
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-Members believed that those who denied faith were not allowed back into communion (Decian persecutions of 250)
-Anti-pope Novatius, 3rd century |
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Arianism
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Jesus is not God - merely a person whom the Spirit descended upon - at one point in time, Jesus did not exist
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Nestorianism
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-Nestorius, Patriarch of Constan.
-Rejected idea that Mary was actual mother of God, but mother of Christ -Dualism |
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Monophysitism
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One nature of Christ, in which divine nature takes over human nature
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Monothelitism
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-Christ had two natures but ONE WILL
-Patriarch Sergius |
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Iconoclasm
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Deliberate destruction of religious icons, symbols, monuments
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Pelegianism
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-Original Sin does not taint human nature
-Mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil -Adam (bad ex), Jesus (good ex) -Sinners are not victims, but criminals |
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Sebellianism/Modalism
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Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are successive modes of order - don't exist simultaneously
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Feast/Holidays [Calendars]
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RC: Gregorian Calendar
Orth: Julian Calendar |
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Nativity/Christmas
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-Rigorous fast before Christmas
-12 days of Christmas -Closes advent season |
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Epiphany/Theophany
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-"Vision of God"
-Celebrates the revelation of God the Son as a human being in Jesus -Western: Visitation of Magi (3kings) to Baby Jesus -Eastern: Jesus' baptism in Jordan River |
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Meeting in the Temple
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Orth Church
-Feast day, presentation of Jesus to Simeon in the Temple |
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Transfiguration
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-Major feast in East
-When Jesus is seen on a mountain shining brightly and talkign with prophets -Ignored by Prot |
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Entry into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday)
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First Sunday before Easter, when Jesus comes to Jerusalem
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Resurrection
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Jesus rose from dead
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Ascension
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Jesus physically went to Heaven in resurrected body
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Pentecost
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Jewish feast 7 weeks after Passover/Easter, start of Church, 50th day
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All Saints day
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Nov 1
-RC church -One week after Pentecost in Orth |
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Elevation of the Cross
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-Major feast in East
-Only major feast not associated with scripture |
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Nativity of the Theotokos
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-Day when Mary was born
-Major feast in East |
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Presentation in the Temple
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-Great feast for Orth
-RC: fourth joyful mystery of the rosary, feb2 |
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Annunciation
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-Feast of Annunciation, March 25 (9 months before Xmas)
-Angel Gabriel telling Virgin Mary of Jesus |
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Dormition (Falling asleep)
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-Great feast of Orth, Aug 15
-For Death, Resurrection, and Glorification of Mary |
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Passover
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-Remembrance of when Angel of Death passed over Hebrew families
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Lenten Fast
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40 days of fasting in prep for Easter in RC (ash wednesday)
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Christmas Fast
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RC: 4 weeks before xmas
Orth: 40 days before xmas |
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Peter and Paul Fast
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-Orth Church
-Second Monday after Pentecost untli June 29 -Red meat, poultry, oil, fish, etc. -Sats, Suns, Tues, Thurs have special allowances |
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Dormition Fast
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Aug 1-14
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Solemnity of Mary
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-Liturgical Feast of Virgin Mary
-RC, Jan 1 |
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Solemnity of Joseph
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-Feast in provinces of Anglican
-Feast/festival for Lutheran -March 19 |
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Day of Obligation
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-Catholics required to attend Mass, avoid serville work
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Corpus Christi
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-West Only
-"Body of Christ" -Celebrates Body and Blood of Christ present in the Eucharist |
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Immaculate Conception
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-Mary is born without Sin (RC view)
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Pontius Pilate
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Judge at Jesus' trial
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John the Baptist
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-Jesus' cousin
-Baptized people in Jesus' name -Baptized Jesus |
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Apostels
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Original 12
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Peter
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-"head" disciple - first Pope
-First ordained by Jesus -Hung upside down |
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John the Theologian/Apostle John/Evangelist John
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-Disciple
-Only one to die of natural causes -Brother of James -Author of Gospel of John, epistle of John, Revelation |
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Judas
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-Disciple
-Betrayed God for thirty pieces of silver |
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Paul
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-Originally Saul, persecutor of Christians
-Author of Epistles -Martyred in Rome, Crucified |
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James/James the Greater
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-One of 3 apostles to witness Jesus' transfiguration
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Matthew (part of 4 evangelists)
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-Referenced OT to prove that Jesus is really the promised Messiah
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Mark (part of 4 evangelists)
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-Shortest Gospel
-Messianic Secret - Jesus keeping his mission a secret -Action based |
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Luke (part of 4 evangelists)
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-Greek doctor
-Detailed book -Gentile perspective |
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John (part of 4 evangelists)
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-Not part of synoptic gospels
-Poetic and artistic and keeps aspect of mystery in regards to God |
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Abraham & Sarah
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-Hebrews
-God's covenant with them: children in exchange for faith |
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Isaac
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-Son of Abraham
-Symbol of covenant God had with Abraham |
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Jacob
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-Tricked Esau for birthright
-Name changed to Israel |
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Joseph
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-11th son of Jacob
-Dream interpreter |
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Moses
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-Led people out of Egypt
-10 plagues -10 commandments |
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David
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-David and Goliath
-King -Writer of Psalms |
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Solomon
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-Son of David
-Built first Temple of Jerusalem -Wise, wealthy, and powerful |
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Irinaeus/Irenaeus
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Set the description of the fall of Orth Church
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Ignatius of Antioch
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-3rd Bishop of Antioch
-Writings on organization of Church - importance of priests and bishops |
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Justin Martyr
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-Emphasized eucharists's importance
-Identified Jesus as Logos |
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Tertullian
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-Early theologian
-First noted use of Trinity -Montanist -Refers to bread/wine as symbols |
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Origen
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-Biblical Scholar
-Believed in the pre-existence of souls -Collected text which became NT |
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Clement of Rome
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-Calls for repentance/reinstatement of those who have been deposed
-Eucharists should be one of the functions of higher clergy |
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Augustine
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-Greatest and most powerful influence in the West (354-430)
-Concepts of original sin, justified war |
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John of Damascus
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-Theologian
-Conceptualization of God: God is boundless and eternal |
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Athanasius
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-Father of Orthodoxy
-20th Patriarch of Alex. -Opposed Arianism, supported homoousion |
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Cyril of Alexandria
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-the Logos from God the Father was united to the flesh in a hyposatic way
-Followers later radicalized his teachings and became Monophysites |
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Basil the Great
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-Care of the poor and underpriviledged
-Established guidelines for monastic life |
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John Chrysostom
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-Known for eloquence in preaching and public speaking
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Gregory the Theologian
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-First Pope from a Monastic background
-Pope Gregory I -Revised Roman Worship |
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Gregory of Nyssa
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-Bishop of Nyssa
-Doctrine of Trinity -Spiritual theology |
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Anthony the Great
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-Father of Monasticism
-From Egypt |
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Cyril and Methodius
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-Missionaries of Christianity among the slavic people
-Apostle of Slavs -Venerated in orth Church as saints |
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Gregory Palamas
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-Monk in Greece, Archbishop of Thessaloniki
-Venerated as saint in Orth -Theories are confirmed by Constantinople Council |
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"Holy of Holies"/Sanctuary
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Separated form rest of church; Eucharists were prepared/celebrated there; Only priest could go
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Altar
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Elevated structure where religious rites are performed
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Nave
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Central, open space where parishioners stand or sit
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Narthex
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Penitents and Catechumens were confined to this area until their reconciliation with or initiation into the chruch
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Apse
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Semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome; religious rites performed
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Tripartite Structure
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Narthex, Nave, Sanctuary
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Icon
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Religious work of art (mostly Eastern)
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Iconostatis
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Wall of paintings of various religious events, icons, etx that separate the nave from the sanctuary
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Incense
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Orth Church
-incense lit in Narthex -represents prayers ascending into heaven |
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Holy Gates/Holy Doors
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Separates Narthex and the Nave
-closed when about to do Eucharist |
