Skin-Hair-Nails

Front 1

abrasion

Back 1

1. An excoriation, or circumscribed removal of the superficial layers of skin or mucous membrane.
2. A scraping away of a portion of the surface.
3. In dentistry, the pathologic grinding or wearing away of tooth substance by incorrect tooth-brushing methods, the presence of foreign objects, bruxism, or similar causes.

Front 2

acanthosis nigricans

Back 2

1. an eruption of velvety, warty benign growths and hyperpigmentation on the skin of the axillae, neck, anogenital area, and groin; in adults, may be associated with internal malignancy, endocrine disorders (characterized by insulin resistance), or obesity; seen in Type 2 diabetes in adolescents; a benign hereditary type occurs in children.

Front 3

acrochordon

Back 3

skin tag

Front 4

asteatosis

Back 4

Diminished or arrested secretion of the sebaceous glands

Front 5

atrophy

Back 5

A wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body, as from death and reabsorption of cells, diminished cellular proliferation, decreased cellular volume, pressure, ischemia, malnutrition, lessened function, or hormonal changes.

Front 6

bulla

Back 6

A fluid-filled blister greater than 1 cm in diameter appearing as a circumscribed area of separation of the epidermis from the subepidermal structure (subepidermal bulla) or as a circumscribed area of separation of epidermal cells (intraepidermal bulla) caused by the presence of serum, or occasionally by an injected substance.
2. A bubblelike structure.

Front 7

cicatrix

Back 7

A scar.

Front 8

eczema

Back 8

Generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin, particularly with vesiculation in the acute stage, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, and crusting; followed often by lichenification and scaling and occasionally by duskiness of the erythema and, infrequently, hyperpigmentation; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning; the vesicles form by intraepidermal spongiosis; often hereditary and associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Front 9

erosion

Back 9

1. A wearing away or a state of being worn away, as by friction or pressure.
2. A shallow ulcer; in the stomach and intestine, an ulcer limited to the mucosa, with no penetration of the muscularis mucosa.
3. Chemically induced tooth loss, occurring mainly through acid dissolution. When the cause is unknown, it is referred to as idiopathic erosion.

Front 10

excoriation

Back 10

1. A scratch mark; a linear break in the skin surface, usually covered with blood or serous crusts.

Front 11

folliculitis

Back 11

An inflammation of a hair follicle; the lesion may be a papule or pustule.

Front 12

keloid

Back 12

A nodular, firm, movable, nonencapsulated, often linear mass of hyperplastic scar tissue, tender and frequently painful, consisting of wide irregularly distributed bands of collagen; occurs in the dermis and adjacent subcutaneous tissue, usually after trauma, surgery, a burn, or severe cutaneous disease such as cystic acne, and is more common in blacks.

Front 13

keratosis

Back 13

Any lesion on the epidermis marked by the presence of circumscribed overgrowths of the horny layer.

Front 14

hyperkeratosis

Back 14

Thickening of the horny layer of the epidermis or mucous membrane.

Front 15

lentigo

Back 15

A benign, acquired brown macule resembling a freckle except that the border is usually regular and microscopic elongation of rete ridges is present, with increased melanocytes and melanin pigment in the basal cell layer.

Front 16

lichenification

Back 16

Leathery induration and thickening of the skin with hyperkeratosis, caused by scratching, as in atopic or chronic contact dermatitis.

Front 17

macula

Back 17

1. A circumscribed flat area, up to 1 cm in diameter, differing perceptibly in color from the surrounding tissue.
2. A small discolored patch or spot on the skin, neither elevated above nor depressed below the skin's surface.
3. The neuroepithelial sensory receptors of the utricle and saccule of the vestibular labyrinth collectively.

Front 18

melanoma

Back 18

A malignant neoplasm, derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, arising most commonly in the skin of any part of the body, or in the eye, and, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites; occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or lentigo maligna. In the early phases, the cutaneous form is characterized by proliferation of cells at the dermal-epidermal junction, that soon invade adjacent tissues. The cells vary in amount and pigmentation of cytoplasm; the nuclei are relatively large and frequently bizarre in shape, with prominent acidophilic nucleoli; mitotic figures tend to be numerous. Prognosis correlates with the depth of skin invasion. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely; regional lymph nodes, skin, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. Intense, intermittent sun exposure, especially of fair-skinned children, increases the risk of melanoma later in life.

Front 19

nodule

Back 19

A small node; in skin, a node up to 1.0 cm in diameter, solid, with palpable depth; a pulmonary or pleural lesion seen on a radiographic image as a well-defined, discrete, roughly circular opacity 2–30 mm in diameter.

Front 20

papule

Back 20

A circumscribed, solid elevation up to 1 cm in diameter on the skin. A papule may be pedunculated, sessile, or filiform.

Front 21

patch

Back 21

1. A small circumscribed area differing in color or structure from the surrounding surface.
2. In dermatology, a flat area larger than 1 cm in diameter.
3. An intermediate stage in the formation of a cap on the surface of a cell.

Front 22

pemphigus

Back 22

1. Autoimmune bullous diseases with acantholysis: pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus, or pemphigus vegetans.
2. A nonspecific term for blistering skin diseases.

Front 23

plaque

Back 23

1. A patch or small differentiated area on a body surface (skin, mucosa, or arterial endothelium) or on the cut surface of an organ such as the brain; in skin, a circumscribed, elevated, superficial, and solid area exceeding 1 cm in diameter.
2. An area of clearing in a flat confluent growth of bacteria or tissue cells, such as that caused by the lytic action of bacteriophage in an agar plate culture of bacteria, by the cytopathic effect of certain animal viruses in a sheet of cultured tissue cells, or by antibody (hemolysin) produced by lymphocytes cultured in the presence of erythrocytes and to which complement has been added.
3. A sharply defined zone of demyelination characteristic of multiple sclerosis.

Front 24

psoriasis

Back 24

A common multifactorial inherited condition characterized by the eruption of circumscribed, discrete and confluent, reddish, silvery-scaled maculopapules; the lesions occur predominantly on the elbows, knees, scalp, and trunk, and microscopically show characteristic parakeratosis and elongation of rete ridges with shortening of epidermal keratinocyte transit time due to decreased cyclic guanosine monophosphate.

Front 25

seborrhea

Back 25

Overactivity of the sebaceous glands, resulting in an excessive amount of sebum.

Front 26

herpes zoster

Back 26

an infection caused by a herpesvirus (varicella-zoster virus), characterized by an eruption of groups of vesicles on one side of the body following the course of a nerve due to inflammation of ganglia and dorsal nerve roots resulting from activation of the virus, which in many instances has remained latent for years following a primary chickenpox infection; the condition is self-limited but may be accompanied by or followed by severe postherpetic pain.

Front 27

tinea

Back 27

A fungus infection (dermatophytosis) of the keratin component of hair, skin, or nails. Genera of fungi causing such infection are Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.

Front 28

tumor

Back 28

. 1. Any swelling or tumefaction.
2. One of the four signs of inflammation (t., calor, dolor, rubor) enunciated by Celsus

Front 29

vesicle

Back 29

1. A small bladder or bladderlike structure.
2. A small ( less than 1.0 cm in diameter), circumscribed elevation of the skin containing fluid.
3. A small sac containing liquid or gas.
4. A closed structure surrounded by a single membrane.
5. In fungi, the swollen apex of the conidiophore in Aspergillus and some Penicillium species, or the swollen apex of the sporangiophore in some zygomycetous species.

Front 30

wheal

Back 30

A circumscribed, evanescent papule or irregular plaque of edema of the skin, appearing as an urticarial lesion, slightly reddened, often changing in size and shape and extending to adjacent areas, and usually accompanied by intense itching; produced by intradermal injection or test, or by exposure to allergenic substances in susceptible persons; also encountered in dermatitis herpetiformis (Darier sign).

Front 31

xanthoma

Back 31

A yellow nodule or plaque, especially of the skin, composed of lipid-laden histiocytes

Front 32

xanthelasma palpebrarum

Back 32

soft, yellow-orange plaques on the eyelids or medial canthus, the most common form of xanthoma; may be associated with low-density lipoproteins, especially in younger adults

Front 33

capillary hemangioma

Back 33

an overgrowth of capillary blood vessels, seen most commonly in the skin, at or soon after birth, as a soft bright red to purple nodule or plaque that usually disappears by the fifth year. The most common type of hemangioma.

Front 34

cavernous hemangioma

Back 34

old term for deep cutaneous hemangioma with dilated vessels on gross and microscopic examination. Also used incorrectly for venous malformation.

Front 35

senile hemangioma

Back 35

red papules caused by weakening of dermal capillary walls, which do not blanch on pressure, seen mostly in persons over 30 years of age.
Synonyms: cherry angioma

Front 36

ecchymosis

Back 36

A purplish patch caused by extravasation of blood into the skin, differing from petechiae only in size (larger than 3 mm diameter).

Front 37

petechiae

Back 37

Minute hemorrhagic spots, of pinpoint to pinhead size, in the skin, which are not blanched by pressure

Front 38

purpura

Back 38

A condition characterized by hemorrhage into the skin. Appearance of the lesions varies with the type of purpura, the duration of the lesions, and the acuteness of the onset. The color is first red, gradually darkens to purple, fades to a brownish yellow, and usually disappears in 2–3 weeks; color of residual permanent pigmentation depends largely on the type of unabsorbed pigment of the extravasated blood; extravasations may also occur in the mucous membranes and internal organs.

Front 39

venous star

Back 39

a small, red nodule formed by a dilated vein in the skin; caused by increased venous pressure.

Front 40

acrocyanosis

Back 40

A circulatory disorder in which the hands, and less commonly the feet, are persistently cold and blue; some forms are related to Raynaud phenomenon.

Front 41

. albinism

Back 41

A group of inherited (usually autosomal recessive) disorders with deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, or eyes only, resulting from an abnormality in melanin production.

Front 42

carotenemia

Back 42

. Carotene in the blood, especially pertaining to increased quantities, which sometimes cause a pale yellow-red pigmentation of the skin that may resemble icterus.

Front 43

chloasma

Back 43

Melanoderma or melasma characterized by the occurrence of extensive brown patches of irregular shape and size on the skin of the face and elsewhere; the pigmented facial patches if confluent are also called the mask of pregnancy, and are associated most commonly with pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives.

Front 44

cyanosis

Back 44

A dark bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane due to deficient oxygenation of the blood, evident when reduced hemoglobin in the blood exceeds 5 g/100 mL.

Front 45

depigmentation

Back 45

Loss of pigment which may be partial or complete.

Front 46

erythema

Back 46

Redness due to capillary dilation, usually signaling a pathologic condition (inflammation, infection).

Front 47

intertrigo

Back 47

Irritant dermatitis occurring between folds or juxtaposed surfaces of the skin, as between the buttocks, between the scrotum and the thigh, beneath pendulous breasts, etc.; caused by friction, sweat retention, moisture, warmth, and concomitant overgrowth of resident microorganisms; occurring in young children (see diaper dermatitis) and obese adults.

Front 48

jaundice

Back 48

yellowish staining of the integument, sclerae, deeper tissues, and excretions with bile pigments, resulting from increased levels in the plasma.

Front 49

linea alba

Back 49

a fibrous band running vertically the entire length of the midline of the anterior abdominal wall, receiving the attachments of the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles.

Front 50

linea nigra

Back 50

the linea alba in pregnancy, which then becomes pigmented.

Front 51

milia

Back 51

Plural of milium.

Front 52

milium

Back 52

tiny subepidermal keratinous cyst, usually multiple and therefore commonly referred to in the plural. Milium may be primary (developmental), occurring predominantly on the face in infants and adults, or retention cysts secondary to causes of scarring or subepidermal blisters involving adnexal epithelium.

Front 53

mottling

Back 53

An area of skin composed of macular lesions of varying shades or colors.

Front 54

pallor

Back 54

Paleness, as of the skin.

Front 55

piebaldism

Back 55

Patchy absence of the pigment of scalp hair, giving a streaked appearance; patches of vitiligo may be present in other areas due to absence of melanocytes; often transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait caused by mutation in the KIT protooncogene on 4q and may be associated with neurologic defects [MIM*172850] or eye changes [MIM*172870].

Front 56

rubor

Back 56

Redness, as one of the four signs of inflammation (r., calor, dolor, tumor) enunciated by Celsus.

Front 57

tinea versicolor

Back 57

an eruption of tan or brown branny patches on the skin of the trunk, often appearing white, in contrast with hyperpigmented skin after exposure to the summer sun; caused by growth of the fungus Malassezia furfur in the stratum corneum with minimal
inflammatory reaction.

Front 58

turgor

Back 58

Fullness.

Front 59

vitiligo

Back 59

The appearance on otherwise normal skin of nonpigmented white patches of varied sizes, often symmetrically distributed and usually bordered by hyperpigmented areas; hair in the affected areas is usually white. Epidermal melanocytes are completely lost in depigmented areas by an autoimmune process.

Front 60

anonychia

Back 60

Absence of the fingernails and toenails.

Front 61

clubbing

Back 61

A condition affecting the fingers and toes in which proliferation of distal soft tissues, especially the nail beds, results in thickening and widening of the extremities of the digits; the nails are abnormally curved, the nail beds excessively compressible, and skin over them red and shiny.

Front 62

hypertrophy

Back 62

General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation. Use of the term may be restricted to denote greater bulk through increase in size, but not in number, of cells or other individual tissue elements.

Front 63

koilonychia

Back 63

A malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave; often associated with iron deficiency or softening by occupational contact with oils.

Front 64

onychocryptosis

Back 64

Synonyms: ingrown nail

Front 65

onychodystrophy

Back 65

Dystrophic changes in the nails occurring as a congenital defect or due to any illness or injury that may cause a malformed nail

Front 66

onycholysis

Back 66

Loosening of the nails, beginning at the free border, and usually incomplete

Front 67

paronychia

Back 67

Suppurative inflammation of the nail fold surrounding the nail plate; may be due to bacteria or fungi, most commonly staphylococci and streptococci.

Front 68

splinter hemorrhages

Back 68

tiny longitudinal subungual hemorrhages typically seen in but not diagnostic of bacterial endocarditis, trichinosis, etc.
Synonyms: koilonychia

Front 69

koilonychia

Back 69

A malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave; often associated with iron deficiency or softening by occupational contact with oils.

Front 70

alopecia

Back 70

Absence or loss of hair.

Front 71

hirsutism

Back 71

Presence of excessive bodily and facial hair, usually in a male pattern, especially in women; may be present in normal adults as an expression of an ethnic characteristic or may develop in children or adults as the result of androgen excess due to tumors, or of nonandrogenetic or other drugs.

Front 72

lanugo

Back 72

fine, soft, lightly pigmented fetal hair with minute shafts and large papillae; it appears at the end of the twelfth week and helps to hold the vernix caseosa on the skin.

Front 73

pediculosis

Back 73

The state of being infested with lice.

Front 74

skin tag

Back 74

1. a polypoid outgrowth of both epidermis and dermal fibrovascular tissue;
2. embryology a skin-covered projection that may or may not contain cartilage; typically located in a line between the tragus of the ear and the corner of the mouth and associated with external ear anomalies.