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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Name the outer layer of skin, and the layer underneath:

Epidermis on the outside, dermis underneath.



What is the thickness of the epidermis and dermis combnied?

2-4mm. This may vary depending on which part of the body it is found on.

Which cells are most at risk of sun damage?

Cells in the epidermis.

What are the most common type of cells in epidermis?

Keratinocytes.

What cells are a special form of keratinocyte found at the bottom of the epidermis?

Basal cells.

What role do basal skin cells have?

These are the cells that all normal skin cells above them come from. This is where basal cell skin cancer can develop from.

What is the most common type of skin cell cancer?

Basal cell cancer.

Why is the top layer of skin not succeptible to cancer?

They are all dead cells which have filled with keratin.

Name the four layers of the skin, statrting with the deepest:

Melanocytes, basal layer, keratinocytes, top layer.

What in the deeper layers of the epidermis beome cancerous in which cancer?

Melanocytes whcih becomecancerous in melanoma.

Non melanoma skin cancer background. What does it refer to?

Group of cancers, basal BCC and squamous SCC that slowly develop in the upper layers of the skin.

What is the first sign of non melanoma skin cancer?

Appearance of a lump or patch on the skin.

BCCs background:

The most common type with 75% of cases being this type. It develops in basal cells and mostly in areas of skin exposed to the sun.

What are the three types of BCCs:

1. Nodular


2.Morphoeic


3.Pigmented

SCCs background:

About 20% of cases are this type. Cancer begins as keratinocytes and most often develop in areas that have been exposed to the sun. They don't often spread, but when they do it is deeper in the skin.

Non melanoma skin cancer risk factors, sun exposure:

Sunburn or recreational sun exposure leads to increased risk of BCC.

What is SCC risk mainly linked to:

SCC is linked to lifetime sun exposure. Outdoor workers have a greater risk of this skin cancer.

What risks do sun beds cause?

They produce mainly UVA but also some UVB. We know the use of sunbeds causes melanoma and evidence that sunbeds may increase risk of non melanoma skin cancer. Strong link between sunbeds and SCC.

What is the risk of age?

Non melanoma skin cancers develop very slowly, therefore as you become older you are more lilely to have devloped non melanoma skin cancer.

What are more risks of non melanoma skin cancers?

Past history, other skin conditionse and family history.

How is UV light split up, and how is it absorbed?

95% UVA. The rest is UVB. UVA can penetrate deeper into the skin (dermis) and UVB is most often absorbed by the epidermal layer.

How does UVA damage the skin?

Generation of ROS and RNS whcih can damage DNA.

Pathogenesis of non melanoma skin cancer

BCC has been more associated with intermittent and childhood sun exposure, with SCC more related to chronic UV exposure. UV light is thought to induce direct DNA mutation via covalent bonding between adjacent pyrimidines (UVB) and formation of ROS (UVA)

Genetic mutation of genes is an important cofactor in the formation of NMSC. What genes are affceted?

PTCH, G protein receptors, Gli1.

what is the main treatment for NMSC?

Surgery.

What treatment could be used if surgery is not suitable for the patient?

Radiotherapy.

When would photo dynamic therapy be used?

This is an alternative treatment to BCC. It only works on BCC that is not too deep or where there are several within the same area.

When would chemotherapy be used, and in what form?

It would be a chemotherapy cream and to treat skin cancers that are only on the top layer of skin.