Skin And Its Appendages

Front 1

keratinocytes

Back 1

cells of the epidermis coupled to one another with desmosomes/keratin cables

Front 2

Bullous pemphigoid

Back 2

chronic generally benign disease, most commonly of old age
- bullae (large vesicles appearing as circumscribed area of separation of epidermis from sub-epidermal structure
- antibodies are localized to the epidermal basement membrane, causing detachment of entire epidermis

Front 3

stratum spinosum

Back 3

multiple layers, polyhedral, often prickled or spiny appearance, prominent nucleoli

Front 4

stratum granulosum

Back 4

1-3 layers keratinocytes, flattened shape with basophilic granule

Front 5

keratohylan

Back 5

basophilic granule - sulfur rich amino acids and aggregates kerain filaments and other proteins not membrane bound (ground substance or water free substance of dead cells in stratum corneum)

Front 6

odland bodies

Back 6

mixture of water repellant phospholipids and proteins in pre assembled bilayer sheets
- membrane bound released by exocytosis and form envelope

- water repellent barrier

Front 7

stratum corneum

Back 7

product of granulosum secretion - water barrier

Front 8

water barrier

Back 8

- no tight junctions btw any living epidermal cells. Diffusion of blood born nutrients/oxygen

Front 9

stratum corneum

Back 9

dead cells that stain lightly with eosin. Cell envelope - bilayers and more complex due to lipids and hydrophobic proteins.

Front 10

What are stratum corneum cross linked by?

Back 10

transglutaminase to produce a hydrophobic water barrier in absence of H20

Front 11

maintenance of epidermis

Back 11

division of stem cells throw volunteer cells outwards

Front 12

psoriasis

Back 12

eruption of circumscribed, discrete and confluent, reddish silvery scalp maculopapules.

- perakeratosis - retention of nuclei in cells of stratum corneum

- failure of terminal differentiation allows cells in spinosum and above to continue to divide

Front 13

psoriasis major locations

Back 13

elbows ,knees, scalp, trunk

Front 14

Cause of psoriasis

Back 14

failure of terminal differentiation that allows scells in spinosum and above to continue to divide

Front 15

basal cell carcinoma

Back 15

slow growing, locally invasive, rarely metastasizing neoplasm from basal cells of the epidermis or hair follicles

Front 16

melanocyte location

Back 16

cell body in basal layer, tentacles into stratum spinosum

Front 17

functions of melanocyte

Back 17

transports granule bound melanin through tentacular processes, delivers to keratinocytes of spinosum

Front 18

Regulation of melanocytes

Back 18

genetic variation in numbers, rate of production, size, and distribution in epidermis.
environmental UV stimulates darkening of pigment, then increase synthesis and then melanocyte division

Front 19

melanoma

Back 19

malignant tumor in melanocytes

Front 20

langerhans cell

Back 20

basal and spinosum layers, macrophage like with long processes looking for antigens

Front 21

merkel cell

Back 21

basal, sensory, fingertips

Front 22

paplillar layer of dermis

Back 22

loose, finer collagen (type III) fibers, capillaries, nerve endings, numerous fine, randomly oriented elastic fibers
- papillae, penetrations of papillary dermis into epidermis, blood vessels, prevent shear stress induced failure

Front 23

reticular layer of dermis

Back 23

dense irregular coarse collagen Type I

Front 24

wound healing process

Back 24

- clot > growth factors, chemokines
- signals attract and stimulate inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, capillaries, building a granulation tissue,
- contractile purse string through specialized contractile fibroblasts> draw cut edges together (can cause scarring)
- re-epithelialization - migration (dissolution of hemidesmosomes, cell division, cell locomotion, differentiation) from cut edges

Front 25

hair structure

Back 25

- surface made entirely of dead,cornified epithelial cells
-root below skin surface

Front 26

generation of hair

Back 26

- basal layer epidermis: hair follicle. Growth localized to dermal papilla of hair bulb.
- generation for terminal differentiatio n by division followed by cornification

Front 27

nails

Back 27

plates of especially hard, cornified epidermis. made by ingrowth of epidermis, nail root, by division, cornification

Front 28

sebaceous gland

Back 28

secrete sebum into hair follicle - holocrine secretion mechanism --- condensed nuclei or nuclei absent adjacent opening into follicle

Front 29

eccrine/merocrine sweat grand

Back 29

10 l/ day, invagination into dermis ---- coiled tube of cuboidal epithelium consisting of light and dark cells surrouned by contractile myoepithelial cells, conducting portion stratifies as approaches surface epithelium

Front 30

eccrine sweat gland method

Back 30

secretion of mucous like ( protein containing) substance by dark cells
- secretion iultra filtrate of blood, hypotonic to blood and absorbs salt

Front 31

apocrine sweat gland

Back 31

secretion mode = merocrine, clustered, axilla, external genitalia

Front 32

mammary glands

Back 32

- secretes water based product mixture of protein fat, carb, vitamins,

Front 33

mammary gland structure

Back 33

elaborate - branched, compound alveolar varies with reproductive status

Front 34

inactive mammary glands

Back 34

- no pregnancy

- ducts and connective tissue predominat. Simple cuboidal to columnar, and underlying myoepithelial.
dducts surrounded by dense onnective tissue and fat

Front 35

proliferative/active mammary gland

Back 35

terminal duct epithelium proliferates, secretory acini formed at expense of connective tissue

Front 36

secretory mammary gland

Back 36

acini predominate and filled with milk

Front 37

mammary gland secretory mechanism

Back 37

merocrine for many, apocrine for fat- sloughing of apical end of epithelial cells lining acinus
_ not membrane bound so no exocytotic mechanism

Front 38

what layer has blood vessels?

Back 38

dermis

Front 39

plexi

Back 39

dense networks forming at hypodermis dermis boundary and reticular/papillary dermis boundary, wehre supply needed

Front 40

aterio-venous anastomoses

Back 40

control blood flow and provide thermoregulation

Front 41

free endings in dermis

Back 41

- pain temp, terminal axonal processes

Front 42

merkel cells

Back 42

scattered in basal layer epidermis, mechanoreceptor, highly sensitive

Front 43

pacinian corpuscles

Back 43

dermis, hypodermis, concentric layers of helper cells around axon, deep pressure sensor

Front 44

meissner's corpuscles

Back 44

dermal papillae - stack of highly flattened cells, axon intertwined, thought to be exquisitely sensitive to pressure