Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
In what areas does the spinal canal widen and why?
|
C4-T2 to accommodate the brachial plexus
L2-L5 to accommodate the pelvis plexus (lumbar intumescence) |
|
|
When do accessory processes begin? What happens as they progress caudally?
|
T11
Ge progressively larger caudally to L6. |
|
|
Which disc spaces are the most narrow?
|
C2-3
C7-T1 T10-T11 (anticlinal) |
|
|
What can the accessory processes be mistaken for and why?
|
Herniated disc material because they overlie the neural foramen.
|
|
|
In which area can you easily mistaken for a grass awn migration and why?
|
L2-L4 because of diaphragmatic attachments
|
|
|
Which general and specific breeds of dog is most prone to IVDD?
|
Chondrodystrophic
Dachshund |
|
|
What are 6 signs of IVDD?
|
Narrowing of disc space
Increased opacity in the neural foramen Decreased size of neural foramen Mineralized disc that appears to be "breaking up" (shell of mineralized material in a disc space) Lack to mineralized discs within a series of mineralized discs Narrowing of the space between articular facets |
|
|
What are 2 primary malignant bone tumors?
|
Chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma
|
|
|
Name 3 metastatic soft tissue tumors that can metastasize to the spinal cord.
|
Prostatic adenocarinoma (usually at L5-sacrum)
Tumors of neural origin Myeloma |
|
|
What breeds of dogs most commonly get hemivertebrae?
|
Bull dogs, Pugs, Boston terriers
|
|
|
What is a hemivertebrae?
|
A wedged shaped vertebrae that can cause angulation of the vertebral column.
|
|
|
What causes spina bufida?
|
Failure of fusion of the vertebral body.
|
|
|
What is block vertebrae?
|
Complete or partial fusion of 2 adjacent vertebrae.
|
|
|
What general breeds of dogs usually get atlanto-axial subluxation?
|
Small breeds.
|
|
|
What are the 4 possible causes of atlanto-axial subluxation?
|
Agenesis/hypoplasia of the dens.
Absence of the transverse ligament. Nonunion of the dens. Trauma. |
|
|
Where are transitional vertebrae most commonly found?
|
Thoracolumbar or lumbosacral regions.
|
|
|
Why are transitional vertebrae important?
|
They aren't clinical significant, but they can mess up landmarks.
|
|
|
What breeds most commonly get cervical vertebral instability (Wobblers) and what age group?
|
Great Danes (young)
Dobermans (adults) |
|
|
What are the 3 causes of cervical vertebral instability?
|
Coning of the cranial aspect of the vertebral column.
Malalignment of vertebrae (subluxation) Secondary disc herniation |
|
|
Cervical vertebral instability is most common in the horse between which vertebrae?
|
C3 and C4
|
|
|
What are two possible causes of cauda equina syndrome?
|
Lumbosacral instability
Lumbosacral stenosis |
|
|
What are 4 other diagnostic tools used to diagnose cauda equina syndrome?
|
Epidurogram
Venogram (transosseous) CT MRI |
|
|
What is the most common cause of spondylitis?
|
Infection.
|
|
|
What is the name of the condition that involves bony proliferations that bridge the vertebrae ventrally?
|
Spondylosis.
|
|
|
Which appears as an active periosteal/bony proliferation: spondylosis or spondylitis?
|
Spondylitis.
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of discospondylitis?
|
Bacteria or fungus.
|
|
|
What are the 3 most common primary neoplasias of the vertebrae?
|
Osteosarcoma
Lymphoma Chondrosarcoma |
|
|
What are the 2 most common metastatic neoplasias of the vertebrae?
|
Adenocarcinoma and hemangiosarcoma.
|
|
|
What are the two views you can use to evaluate the TMJs?
|
Dorsal-ventral oblique
Right-left oblique |
|
|
What is the condition that involves excessive CSF within the ventricular system of the brain?
|
Hydrocephalus.
|
|
|
Where is the first place you will see metabolic bone disease?
|
Mandible.
|
|
|
Which general breeds most commonly get craniomandibular osteopathy?
|
Terriers.
|
|
|
An increased periosteal response and increase bone opacity in the jaw is characteristic of what disease?
|
Craniomandibular osteopathy.
|
|
|
A mass in the pharynx makes you suspect what in a horse? Camelid?
|
Horse: abscess
Camelid: pharyngeal worms |
|
|
What bacterial infection can cause osteomyelitis of the jaw?
|
Actinomyces.
|
|
|
In horses, a chronic infection in the teeth can lead to...
|
...hypercementosis.
|
|
|
What are 3 locations of lesions that myelography is useful for?
|
Extradural
Intramedullary Intradural-extramedullary |
|
|
Where is cervical vertebral instability usually located in the dog?
|
C5, C6 and C7.
|
|
|
Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum can case what?
|
Cervical vertebral instability ("Wobblers")
|
|
|
Where is cervical vertebral instability usually located in the horse?
|
C3/C4
|
|
|
Where can you get DJD of the spine?
|
At the articular facets.
|
|
|
The articular facets are a type of __________ joint.
|
diarthrodial
|
|
|
What radiographic finding will you see in a dog with an inner ear infection?
|
Soft tissue opacity in the tympanic bulla.
|
|
|
What breeds most commonly get hydrocephalus?
|
Chihuahua, Maltese, Yorkie.
|
|
|
Hyperparathyroidism can be secondary to ________ and ___________.
|
Nutrition
Renal |
|
|
"Floating teeth" (demineralization of bone) and loss of the lamina dura are radiographic signs of what?
|
Hyperparathyroidism.
|
|
|
True or false:
Dental disease in camelids is more common in the maxilla than the mandible. |
False.
It's more common in the mandible than the maxilla. |
|
|
What are radiographic signs of dental disease?
|
Soft tissue swelling
Bone lysis Draining tract Periosteal response |
|
|
What are the two causes of atlanto-axial subluxation?
|
Incomplete or lack of development of:
odontoid process of the dens atlanto-axial ligaments |
|
|
What does the open mouth view enable you to see?
|
Tympanic bullae
|
|
|
What does the frog eye view allow you to see?
|
Frontal sinuses
|
|
|
For dental rads, which 3 views do you want to take?
|
Lateral
DV 45 degree oblique |
|
|
What 4 things are you looking for when evaluating dental radiographs?
|
Soft tissue swelling
Bone lysis Draining tract Periosteal response |
|
|
In myelography, where do you inject the contrast medium?
|
L4-L5 or L5-L6
|
|
|
What are the three types of lesions that can be evaluated using myelography?
|
Extradural
Intramedually Intradural-extramedullary |
|
|
What are the 5 most common causes of an extradural lesion?
|
IVDD
Ligamentous hypertrophy Hematoma Neoplasia (sarcoma, lymphoma) Fracture/luxation |
|
|
What are the 2 most common causes of an intramedullary lesion?
|
Edema
Neoplasia (glioma, lymphoma) |
|
|
What are the 2 most common causes of an intradural-extramedullary lesion?
|
Neoplasia (neurofibroma, meningioma)
Granuloma |
|
|
What are odontogenic tumors?
|
Tumors that have a dental origin.
|
