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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In what areas does the spinal canal widen and why?
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C4-T2 to accommodate the brachial plexus
L2-L5 to accommodate the pelvis plexus (lumbar intumescence) |
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When do accessory processes begin? What happens as they progress caudally?
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T11
Ge progressively larger caudally to L6. |
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Which disc spaces are the most narrow?
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C2-3
C7-T1 T10-T11 (anticlinal) |
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What can the accessory processes be mistaken for and why?
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Herniated disc material because they overlie the neural foramen.
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In which area can you easily mistaken for a grass awn migration and why?
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L2-L4 because of diaphragmatic attachments
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Which general and specific breeds of dog is most prone to IVDD?
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Chondrodystrophic
Dachshund |
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What are 6 signs of IVDD?
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Narrowing of disc space
Increased opacity in the neural foramen Decreased size of neural foramen Mineralized disc that appears to be "breaking up" (shell of mineralized material in a disc space) Lack to mineralized discs within a series of mineralized discs Narrowing of the space between articular facets |
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What are 2 primary malignant bone tumors?
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Chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma
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Name 3 metastatic soft tissue tumors that can metastasize to the spinal cord.
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Prostatic adenocarinoma (usually at L5-sacrum)
Tumors of neural origin Myeloma |
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What breeds of dogs most commonly get hemivertebrae?
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Bull dogs, Pugs, Boston terriers
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What is a hemivertebrae?
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A wedged shaped vertebrae that can cause angulation of the vertebral column.
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What causes spina bufida?
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Failure of fusion of the vertebral body.
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What is block vertebrae?
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Complete or partial fusion of 2 adjacent vertebrae.
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What general breeds of dogs usually get atlanto-axial subluxation?
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Small breeds.
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What are the 4 possible causes of atlanto-axial subluxation?
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Agenesis/hypoplasia of the dens.
Absence of the transverse ligament. Nonunion of the dens. Trauma. |
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Where are transitional vertebrae most commonly found?
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Thoracolumbar or lumbosacral regions.
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Why are transitional vertebrae important?
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They aren't clinical significant, but they can mess up landmarks.
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What breeds most commonly get cervical vertebral instability (Wobblers) and what age group?
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Great Danes (young)
Dobermans (adults) |
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What are the 3 causes of cervical vertebral instability?
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Coning of the cranial aspect of the vertebral column.
Malalignment of vertebrae (subluxation) Secondary disc herniation |
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Cervical vertebral instability is most common in the horse between which vertebrae?
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C3 and C4
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What are two possible causes of cauda equina syndrome?
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Lumbosacral instability
Lumbosacral stenosis |
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What are 4 other diagnostic tools used to diagnose cauda equina syndrome?
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Epidurogram
Venogram (transosseous) CT MRI |
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What is the most common cause of spondylitis?
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Infection.
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What is the name of the condition that involves bony proliferations that bridge the vertebrae ventrally?
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Spondylosis.
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Which appears as an active periosteal/bony proliferation: spondylosis or spondylitis?
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Spondylitis.
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What is the most common cause of discospondylitis?
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Bacteria or fungus.
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What are the 3 most common primary neoplasias of the vertebrae?
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Osteosarcoma
Lymphoma Chondrosarcoma |
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What are the 2 most common metastatic neoplasias of the vertebrae?
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Adenocarcinoma and hemangiosarcoma.
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What are the two views you can use to evaluate the TMJs?
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Dorsal-ventral oblique
Right-left oblique |
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What is the condition that involves excessive CSF within the ventricular system of the brain?
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Hydrocephalus.
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Where is the first place you will see metabolic bone disease?
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Mandible.
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Which general breeds most commonly get craniomandibular osteopathy?
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Terriers.
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An increased periosteal response and increase bone opacity in the jaw is characteristic of what disease?
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Craniomandibular osteopathy.
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A mass in the pharynx makes you suspect what in a horse? Camelid?
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Horse: abscess
Camelid: pharyngeal worms |
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What bacterial infection can cause osteomyelitis of the jaw?
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Actinomyces.
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In horses, a chronic infection in the teeth can lead to...
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...hypercementosis.
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What are 3 locations of lesions that myelography is useful for?
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Extradural
Intramedullary Intradural-extramedullary |
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Where is cervical vertebral instability usually located in the dog?
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C5, C6 and C7.
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Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum can case what?
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Cervical vertebral instability ("Wobblers")
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Where is cervical vertebral instability usually located in the horse?
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C3/C4
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Where can you get DJD of the spine?
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At the articular facets.
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The articular facets are a type of __________ joint.
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diarthrodial
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What radiographic finding will you see in a dog with an inner ear infection?
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Soft tissue opacity in the tympanic bulla.
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What breeds most commonly get hydrocephalus?
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Chihuahua, Maltese, Yorkie.
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Hyperparathyroidism can be secondary to ________ and ___________.
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Nutrition
Renal |
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"Floating teeth" (demineralization of bone) and loss of the lamina dura are radiographic signs of what?
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Hyperparathyroidism.
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True or false:
Dental disease in camelids is more common in the maxilla than the mandible. |
False.
It's more common in the mandible than the maxilla. |
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What are radiographic signs of dental disease?
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Soft tissue swelling
Bone lysis Draining tract Periosteal response |
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What are the two causes of atlanto-axial subluxation?
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Incomplete or lack of development of:
odontoid process of the dens atlanto-axial ligaments |
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What does the open mouth view enable you to see?
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Tympanic bullae
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What does the frog eye view allow you to see?
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Frontal sinuses
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For dental rads, which 3 views do you want to take?
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Lateral
DV 45 degree oblique |
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What 4 things are you looking for when evaluating dental radiographs?
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Soft tissue swelling
Bone lysis Draining tract Periosteal response |
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In myelography, where do you inject the contrast medium?
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L4-L5 or L5-L6
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What are the three types of lesions that can be evaluated using myelography?
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Extradural
Intramedually Intradural-extramedullary |
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What are the 5 most common causes of an extradural lesion?
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IVDD
Ligamentous hypertrophy Hematoma Neoplasia (sarcoma, lymphoma) Fracture/luxation |
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What are the 2 most common causes of an intramedullary lesion?
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Edema
Neoplasia (glioma, lymphoma) |
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What are the 2 most common causes of an intradural-extramedullary lesion?
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Neoplasia (neurofibroma, meningioma)
Granuloma |
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What are odontogenic tumors?
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Tumors that have a dental origin.
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