Skeletal System Ch 6 Lecture

Front 1

possible movements of synovial joints

Back 1

-flexion

-extension

-adduction

-abduction

-rotation

-circumduction

Front 2

joints

Back 2

the junctions between bones

Front 3

the 3 types of joints

Back 3

-fibrous joints (synarthroses)

-cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

-synovial joints (diarthroses)

Front 4

fibrous joints aka

Back 4

synarthroses

Front 5

synarthroses aka

Back 5

fibrous joints

Front 6

cartilaginous joints aka

Back 6

amphiarthroses

Front 7

amphiarthroses aka

Back 7

cartilaginous joints

Front 8

synovial joints aka

Back 8

diarthroses

Front 9

diarthroses aka

Back 9

synovial joints

Front 10

what is the mobility of fibrous joints?

Back 10

immovable

Front 11

what is the mobility of synarthroses?

Back 11

immovable

Front 12

what is the mobility of cartilaginous joints?

Back 12

slightly movable

Front 13

what is the mobility of amphiarthroses?

Back 13

slightly movable

Front 14

what is the mobility of synovial joints?

Back 14

freely movable

Front 15

what is the mobility of diarthroses?

Back 15

freely movable

Front 16

Fibrous Joints (synarthroses)

Back 16

-consist of fibrous tissue

-immovable

Front 17

examples of fibrous joints (synarthroses)

Back 17

-sutures that unite most of the skull bones

-the fibrous union of the splint bones of horses with the large metacarpal and metatarsal bones

Front 18

cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

Back 18

-slightly movable

-capable of a slight rocking movement

Front 19

examples of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

Back 19

-the intervertebral disks between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the spine

-the symphyses between the 2 halves of the pelvis

the symphyses between the 2 sides of the mandible in some animals

Front 20

synovial joints (diarthroses)

Back 20

-freely movable

-what we usually think of when we hear the word "joint"

Front 21

examples of synovial joints (diarthroses)

Back 21

-the shoulder joint

-the stifle joint

Front 22

common characteristics of synovial joints

Back 22

-articular surfaces on bones

-articular cartilage covering the articular surfaces

-fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule

-firm connective tissue bands called ligaments may help stabilize the bones and hold the joint together

Front 23

articular cartilage

Back 23

-articular cartilage is a thin, smooth layer of hyaline cartilage that lies on top of the articular surfaces of the bone

-covers the surfaces to aid the smooth movement between them to reduce friction

Front 24

joint space

Back 24

-aka the joint cavity

-a fluid filled potential space between the joint surfaces surrounding by multilayered joint capsule

Front 25

synovial membrane

Back 25

-the lining layer of the joint capsule

-produces synovial fluid

Front 26

ligaments

Back 26

-connect the joints of bones to each other

-bands of fibrous connective tissue that are present in and around many synovial joints

Front 27

tendons

Back 27

-join muscles to bone

Front 28

possible movement of the synovial joints

Back 28

-flexion

-extension

-adduction

-abduction

-rotation

-circumduction

Front 29

flexion

Back 29

-decreases the angle between 2 bones

Front 30

extension

Back 30

-increasing the angle between 2 bones

-straightening a bent or flexed elbow joint extends the joint

Front 31

adduction

Back 31

-the movement of an extremity towards the median plane

Front 32

abduction

Back 32

-the movement of an extremity away from the median plane

Front 33

rotation

Back 33

-the twisting movement of a part of its own axis

-ex: if you hold your arm out with your palm down and move it so your palm is up

Front 34

circumduction

Back 34

-the movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle

-ex: if you extend your arm and move it like a windmill

Front 35

how are synovial joints categorized?

Back 35

according to joint surfaces and the possible movements

Front 36

the types of synovial joints

Back 36

-hinge joints

-gliding joints

-pivot joints

-ball-and-socket joints

Front 37

hinge joints aka

Back 37

ginglymus joints

Front 38

ginglymus joints aka

Back 38

hinge joints

Front 39

hinge (ginglymus) joints

Back 39

-one joint surface swivels aorund another

-the only possible movements are flexion and extension

Front 40

examples of hinge (ginglymus) joints

Back 40

-the elbow joint

-the atlantooccipital joint

Front 41

what type of movement is possible with hinge (ginglymus) joints?

Back 41

flexion and extension

Front 42

gliding joints aka

Back 42

arthrodial joints

Front 43

arthrodial joints aka

Back 43

gliding joints

Front 44

gliding (arthrodial) joints

Back 44

-"rocking" joints

-the joint surfaces of gliding joints are relatively flat

-the movement between them is a rocking motion of one bone on another

-the main possible movements are flexion and extension but some abduction and adduction may be possible

Front 45

examples of gliding (arthrodial) joints

Back 45

-carpus

Front 46

what types of movements are possible with gliding (arthrodial) joints?

Back 46

-mainly flexion and extension

-some abduction and adduction

Front 47

pivot joints aka

Back 47

trochoid joints

Front 48

trochoid joints aka

Back 48

pivot joints

Front 49

pivot (trochoid) joints

Back 49

-one bone pivots or rotates on another

-the only possible movement is rotation

-the only one true pivot joint in most animals is the atlantoaxial joint between the atlas and the axis

Front 50

which movements are possible with pivot (trochoid) joints?

Back 50

rotation only

Front 51

examples of pivot (trochoid) joints

Back 51

the only true pivot joint (in most animals) is the atlantoaxial joint between the atlas and the axis

Front 52

ball-and-socket joints aka

Back 52

spheroidal joints

Front 53

spheroidal joints aka

Back 53

ball-and-socket joints

Front 54

ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joints

Back 54

-allows the most extensive movements of all the joint types

-allow all of the synovial joint movements

Front 55

which movements to ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joints allow?

Back 55

-all of the synovial joint movements:

~flexion

~extension

~abduction

~adduction

~rotation

~circumduction

Front 56

examples of ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joints

Back 56

-the shoulder joint

-the hip joint

Front 57

the functions of bone

Back 57

-support

-protection

-leverage

-storage

-blood cell formation

Front 58

canaliculi

Back 58

-threadlike, cellular processes of tiny channels through the bone which bone cells use to contact each other or with their blood supply

-tiny channels through the bone that allow osteocytes to contact each other and exchange nutrients and wastes

Front 59

osteocytes

Back 59

bone cells

Front 60

ossification

Back 60

the hardening of the bone matrix

Front 61

cancellous bone

Back 61

-aka spongy bone because it looks like a sponge

-consists of tiny spicules of boe that appear randomly arranged with lots of spaces between them

-the spaces between the spicules are occupied by bone marrow

-the makeup of cancellous bone helps keep the bones light while also preventing them from being damaged by all the forces acting on them

Front 62

compact bone

Back 62

-very heavy, dense, and strong

-makes up the shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones

-composed of tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone called haversian systems

Front 63

haversian system

Back 63

-the microscopic laminated cylinders of bone that make up compact bone

-orientated lengthwise in a long bone, consist of a central haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of bone

-osteocytes in their lacunae are present at the junctions of the bony layers of the haversian systems

Front 64

haversian canal

Back 64

-the central canal that runs length of a haversian system

-contain t he blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply and nourish the osteocytes

Front 65

periosteum

Back 65

-the membrane that covers the outer surface of the bones (except for the articular or joint surfaces)

-the outer layer of the periosteum is composed of fibrous tissue and its inner layer contains bone-forming cells

Front 66

3 types of bone cells

Back 66

-osteoblasts

-osteocytes

-osteoclasts

Front 67

osteoblasts

Back 67

-cells that form the bone

-secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals (calcium & phosphate) necessary to harden it

-form new bone in areas where it is needed

Front 68

osteocytes

Back 68

-once the osteoblasts become trapped in the ossified matrix they have created they are called osteocytes

-osteocytes are always ready to revert back to osteoblasts and form new bone if an injury makes that necessary

Front 69

osteoclasts

Back 69

-eat bone away

-necessary for remolding to take place by removing bone from where it is not needed (bones are dynamic structures that must be remodeled constantly)

-allows the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when it is needed to raise the calcium level in the blood

Front 70

Volkmann's canal

Back 70

-tiny channels in the bone matrix

-come in at right angles to the long axis of the bone

-come in at right angles to the haversian canals

-the blood vessels in the Vokmann's canals join with the blood vessels in the haversian canals to bring nutrition to the osteocytes in the haversian systems

Front 71

nutrient foramina

Back 71

-large channel

-carry blood into and out of the bone marrow

-seen from the side on the radiograph can resemble a crack-type fracture of the bone cortex

Front 72

2 ways bone form

Back 72

-endochondral (cartilage bone formation)

-intramembranous (membrane bone formation)

Front 73

endochondral bone formation aka

Back 73

cartilage bone formation

Front 74

cartilage bone formation aka

Back 74

endochondral bone formation

Front 75

intramembranous bone formation aka

Back 75

membrane bone formation

Front 76

membrane bone formation aka

Back 76

intramembranous bone formation

Front 77

4 basic shapes of bones

Back 77

-long

-short

-flat

-irregular

Front 78

long bones

Back 78

-relatively longer than wide

-most of the bones of the limbs are long bones

-each long bone has: a proximal epiphysis, a distal epiphysis, diaphysis

Front 79

epiphysis

Back 79

consists primarily of light, cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

Front 80

diaphysis

Back 80

-the main part of the long bone

-composed of strong compact bone

Front 81

epiphyseal factures

Back 81

-fractures of the epiphyseal plates

-common in young animals

Front 82

epiphyseal plates (growth plates)

Back 82

-the epiphyseal plates of cartilage found between the epiphyses and the diaphysis

-the sites of bone growth that allow long bones to get longer as the animal grows

-weak areas of the bone

-when the animal reaches full adult size the epiphyseal plates ossify and become solid bone

Front 83

short bones

Back 83

-shaped like small cubes or marshmallows

-consist of a core of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

Front 84

examples of long bones

Back 84

-femur

-humerus

Front 85

examples of short bones

Back 85

-the carpal bones

-the tarsal bones

Front 86

flat bones

Back 86

-relatively flat and thin

-a "cancellous bone sandwich"

-consists of 2 thin plates of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone

Front 87

examples of flat bones

Back 87

-the scapula

-the pelvic bones

Front 88

irregular bones

Back 88

-a misc. category of bones

-bones which do not fit into other categories

may have characteristics of more than one of the other categories of have a truly irregular shape

Front 89

examples of irregular bones

Back 89

-vertebrae

-sesamoid bones

Front 90

what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body

Back 90

the patella

Front 91

the basic type of bone marrow

Back 91

-red bone marrow

-yellow bone marrow