Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
chondro |
cartilage |
|
|
osteo |
bone |
|
|
osteology |
study of the human skeletal system |
|
|
histology |
study bone as a tissue |
|
|
gross anatomy |
study bone as organs |
|
|
physiology |
study of regulation of bone tissue |
|
|
physical anthropology |
uses bones to study life experiences of individuals |
|
|
cartilage |
located between bones and acts as padding |
|
|
ligaments |
connects bones to bones at joints |
|
|
what percent of bones are inorganic? |
-70% (hydroxyapatite crystals) -hard, brittle, calcium mineral salts -98% of the body's Ca -Accounts for 2/3 of bone weight |
|
|
what percent of bones are organic? |
-30% -Osteoid: newly formed bone matrix prior to calcification -90% is collagen -very flexible -cells: account for only 3% weight of bone tissue |
|
|
What are the three types of bone cells? |
-Osteocytes -Osteoblasts -Osteoclasts
|
|
|
Osteocytes |
-communicate where we need bone -osteoblasts that become trapped in the osteoid -reside in small spaces called lacunae, act as control centers to maintain bone quality |
|
|
Osteoblasts |
-build/deposit new bone by secreting osteoid
|
|
|
Osteoclast |
-break down and absorb old bone |
|
|
5 functions of the skeletal system |
-support and movement -encasement and protection -Hemopoiesis -lipid storage in yellow bone marrow -mineral balance and storage
|
|
|
Hemopoiesis |
-production of blood cells in bone marrow -happens in red bone marrow
|
|
|
where does lipid storage take place in bones? |
yellow marrow--hollow spaces of long spaces |
|
|
mineral balance and storage |
-balance levels of Ca by hormone action and physical activity -Calcitonin and PTH
|
|
|
calcitonin |
hormone released from thyroid gland-->production of new bone |
|
|
PTH |
hormone released from parathyroid gland--> destruction of bone |
|
|
what are the two main types of bone? |
cortical bone spongy bone
|
|
|
Cortical bone |
-composed of compact bone or Haversian bone -relatively dense, forms the outer layer of all bones is arranged in cocentric sheets around the outer edges of bones and in concentric layers within Haversian systems |
|
|
Spongy bone |
-aka cancellous or trabecular bone -very porous -found inside bones and on the ends of long bones -arranged in a lattice-like system -affected by osteoporosis |
|
|
Osteogenesis |
production of new bone |
|
|
calcification |
process of deposition and hardening of calcium salts in bone and teeth |
|
|
Ossification |
the replacement of cartilage or mesenchymal (embryonic) tissue with bone |
|
|
endo |
inside |
|
|
primary centers of ossification |
-first part of the bone to ossify typically occurs about the 8th fetal week for most bones -located in the middle of the shaft -806 ossification centers in 11th fetal week; 450 at birth |
|
|
secondary centers of ossification |
-develop after birth anywhere from 2 months to 18 years -these secondary centers the the "epiphyses" -most bones have multiple secondary centers |
|
|
what is bone remodeling? |
continuous process of "turning over bone" through lifetime |
|
|
what is an osteon? |
function unit of bone; microscopic
|
|
|
resorption |
osteoclasts destroy old bone |
|
|
deposition |
osteoclasts make new bone |
|
|
how do bones increase in diameter (appositional growth) at periosteum |
osteoblasts deposit new bone |
|
|
how do bones increase in diameter (appositional growth) at ednosteum |
osteoclasts destroy bone |
|
|
osteopenia |
normal age related in bone density (between 1 and 2.5 SD lower than mean) |
|
|
osteoporosis |
-pathological decrease in bone density (greater than 2.5 SD lower than mean)
|
|
|
3 factors contribute to osteoporosis |
-genetics -insufficient dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D -insufficient weight-bearing physical activity (ex. walking, resistance training, but not swimming) |
