Skeletal System

Front 1

organs of skeletal system

Back 1

bones and ligaments

Front 2

ligaments

Back 2

attach bone to bone to reinforce joint

Front 3

functions of skeletal system

Back 3

support, protection, body movement, storage, hematopoiesis

Front 4

what do bones store

Back 4

minerals such as calcium, and phosphorous

Front 5

what is hematopoiesis

Back 5

blood cell formation

Front 6

what is axial skeleton

Back 6

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column,, thorax

Front 7

whta are the 8 cranial bones

Back 7

2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal

Front 8

how many facial bones

Back 8

14 mandible, maxilla

Front 9

what cavities are formed by skull

Back 9

cranial, nasal, orbits

Front 10

only moveable joint of skull

Back 10

mandible

Front 11

joints of skull

Back 11

sutures which are immoveable

Front 12

corenal

Back 12

between frontal and parietal

Front 13

saggital

Back 13

b/t parietal bones

Front 14

lambdoidal

Back 14

b/t occipital and parietal

Front 15

squmouos

Back 15

b/t parietal and temporal

Front 16

fontenals

Back 16

membranes connecting fetal skull
allows for compression during birth and growth

Front 17

whaen do fontenals close

Back 17

age 2

Front 18

sinuses

Back 18

cavities that lighten the skull

Front 19

hyoid bone

Back 19

only bone in body thhat doesn't articulate with another bone

Front 20

what does hyoid bone attach to

Back 20

ligaments and muscles to support tongue

Front 21

bones of vertebral column

Back 21

spine also known as backbone and spinal column

Front 22

what are bones of vertvbrae

Back 22

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

Front 23

what is spinal cord

Back 23

consists of nerve fibers that run through the middle of spinal column

Front 24

what is thorax

Back 24

sternum or breast bone
12 pair of ribs
costal cartilage

Front 25

costal cartilage

Back 25

attaches ribs

Front 26

kinds of ribs

Back 26

true-attach to sternum 1-7
false-attach to superior costal cartilage 8-10
floating unattached on anterior side 11-12

Front 27

what is appendicular skeleton

Back 27

pectoral girdle-shoulders
upper and lower limbs
pelvic grdle=hips

Front 28

upper limbs

Back 28

humerous, radius, ulna, carpals metacarpals, phalanges

Front 29

how are carpals arranged

Back 29

2 rows, 4 in a row

Front 30

metacarpals

Back 30

5 in each hand
forms palm
idenified br roman # i-v from lateral to medial

Front 31

how many phalanges

Back 31

14

Front 32

how are phalanges identified

Back 32

proximal medial distal

Front 33

pelvic girdle

Back 33

coxal bones and pubic symphysis

Front 34

pubic symphysis

Back 34

articulation of coxal bones

Front 35

what are 3 fused bones of pelvis

Back 35

illium, ischium, pubis

Front 36

difference b/t male and female pelvis

Back 36

male-less then 90 degree arch
female more then 90 degree arch, wider, lighter

Front 37

leg bones

Back 37

tibia, fibula, patella

Front 38

where is fibula

Back 38

lateral

Front 39

what are 7 tarsus bones

Back 39

calcaneous(heel), talus, narvicular, medial cuniform, intermediate cuniform, lateral cuniform cuboid

Front 40

bones of foot

Back 40

metatarsus

Front 41

5 bones I-V medial to lateralphalanges

Back 41

bones in toes (as well as fingers)

Front 42

arthrosis

Back 42

atticulation of a joint

Front 43

what are the 3 structural type of joints based on

Back 43

type of connective tissue holding bones together

Front 44

3 joint types

Back 44

1.fibrous
2. cartilagenous
3. synovial

Front 45

describe fibrous

Back 45

* bones close together
*held by dense connective tissue
*limited or no movement

Front 46

describe cartilagenous

Back 46

pods of cartilege b/t bones
limited movement
ex vertebrae

Front 47

describe synovial

Back 47

connective tissue forms articular capsule
ex all joints of limbs

Front 48

features of synovial joints

Back 48

ends of articulating bones are seperated by a joint cavity that contains synovial fluid
articular cartilege
articular capsule
accessory ligaments reinforce the joints

Front 49

articular cartilage cartilage

Back 49

covers end of bones

Front 50

articular capsule

Back 50

outer fibrous capsule
inner synovial membrane

Front 51

menisci

Back 51

pads of cartilage that help to stabilize joint

Front 52

bursae

Back 52

sacs of synovial fluid that cushion movement of skin over bone

Front 53

what are synovial joints based on

Back 53

shapes of the articulating bones

Front 54

name joints

Back 54

plantar

Front 55

plantar

Back 55

flat or slightly curve
back and forth or side to side
ex- intercarpal joints

Front 56

hinge

Back 56

convex surface fits into concave surface
ex- elbow

Front 57

pivot

Back 57

rounded surface articulates with a ring formed by another bone
ex proximal radial ulnar

Front 58

condyloid joint

Back 58

egg shaped surface fits into oval depression
ex metacarpophalangeal joints

Front 59

saddle

Back 59

one bone surface is saddle and other one fits into it
ex- carpometacarpal joint in thumb

Front 60

ball and socket

Back 60

round head fits into cup like depression
ex- shoulder

Front 61

2 kinds of fractures

Back 61

simple-skin not broken
compound-skin broken

Front 62

steps to repair a fracture

Back 62

*hematoma
*fibrocartilage callus formation
*bony callus formation
*remodeling

Front 63

hematoma

Back 63

blood clot forms from inflamatory reaction
could last several weeks

Front 64

fibrocartilage callus

Back 64

fibroblasts produce collagei
chondroblasts produce cartiage to join ends of bone
phagocytes clean up and remove clot
lasts 3 weeks

Front 65

bony callus formation

Back 65

osteoblasts makes spongy bone to replace cartilage
lasts 3-4 months

Front 66

remodeling

Back 66

spongy bone converts to compact bone
takes weeks to months

Front 67

osteoporosis

Back 67

decrease bone mass
since calcium in body isn't readily absorbed it is take from bones causing decrease in bone mass

Front 68

deviated septum

Back 68

deflection(crooked) perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Front 69

palate

Back 69

roof of mouth

Front 70

hard palate

Back 70

anterior portion formed by maxillae

Front 71

cleft palate

Back 71

failure of maxillae to fuse during development

Front 72

scoliosis

Back 72

spinal curvature-lateral bending

Front 73

kyphosis

Back 73

spinal curvature-exagerated thoracic

Front 74

lordosis

Back 74

spinal curvature

Front 75

spina bifida

Back 75

failure of vertebrae to fuse
meninges protrude
paralysis of various muscles

Front 76

strain

Back 76

stretch or tear in muscle or tendon from overstressing or improper lifting

Front 77

sprain

Back 77

ligament is stretched or torn

Front 78

what is RICE theory

Back 78

rest ice compression elevation

Front 79

torn cartilage

Back 79

torn meniscus- repair by arthroscopic surgery

Front 80

arthroscopic surgery

Back 80

tiny lens and light inserted in joint capsule and image projected on screen

Front 81

arthritis

Back 81

inflamation of joint

Front 82

bursitis

Back 82

inflamation of bursa

Front 83

anaerobic cellular respiration

Back 83

1 molecule of glucose produces 2 molecules of ATP

Front 84

consequence of using anaerobic respiration

Back 84

lactic acid builds up causing 1. muscle fatique and
2. oxegen debt

Front 85

muscle fatique

Back 85

inability og muscle to respond to stimulation

Front 86

oxegen

Back 86

amt of o2 needed to dispose of lactic acid and replace ATP and CP

Front 87

contaction of muscle fiber is all or none

Back 87

true

Front 88

threshold stimulus

Back 88

amt of stimulation needed for a contraction og muscle fiber

Front 89

motor unit

Back 89

1 neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

Front 90

recruitment

Back 90

increase in number of motor units being activated

Front 91

muscle tone

Back 91

muscle contraction when the body is at rest, maintains body posture

Front 92

atrophy

Back 92

reduction in muscle size due to lack of use

Front 93

hypertrophy

Back 93

increase in muscle size

Front 94

how do muscle cause movement

Back 94

all muscles cross at at least 1 point
bulk of muscle is proximal to joint crossed
2 attachments, origin and insertion
only pull
during contraction the insertion moves towards the origin

Front 95

origin

Back 95

end of muscle attached to bone that doesn't move

Front 96

insertion

Back 96

end of muscle attached to the bone that moves

Front 97

belly

Back 97

part b/t the origin and insertion

Front 98

muscles at joints move in________pairs

Back 98

antagonistic pairs

Front 99

antagonistic

Back 99

muscle that acts in opposition to a prime mover

Front 100

prime mover

Back 100

muscle that provides most of the movements

Front 101

synergists

Back 101

help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements

Front 102

give example of synergist

Back 102

finger flexor muscle cross both the wrist and finger joints

Front 103

fixators

Back 103

special synergists---holds bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover

Front 104

how are skeletal muscles named

Back 104

direction of fibers
size of muscle
location of muscle
number of origin
shape of muscle
action of muscle

Front 105

arrangement of fassicles

Back 105

collections of muscle fibers

Front 106

circular fascicles

Back 106

arranged in rings typically found surrounding external body openings that close by contracting
ex- orbicular muscles9surrounding eye)

Front 107

convergent the fascicles

Back 107

converge toward a single insertion tendon
triangular shaped
ex--pectoralis major

Front 108

parallel

Back 108

lenghth of fasicle runs parallel to the long axis of a muscle

Front 109

fusiform

Back 109

results in a spindle shaped muscle with expandable beyyy
ex biceps branch

Front 110

pennate

Back 110

short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon
ex--extensor digitorum9leg muscle)

Front 111

facial muscles

frontalis

Back 111

covers frontal bone and runs under eyebrow
allows you to raise eyebrows

Front 112

orbicularis oculi

Back 112

fibers runs in circles around eye
allows you to blink, squint , close eyess

Front 113

orbicularis oris

Back 113

circular muscles of lips
helps close mouth, and protrude lips

Front 114

buccinator

Back 114

runs horizontally across cheek and inserts into orbiclaris oris
compress cheek to hold the food b/t teeth during chewing

Front 115

zygomaticus

Back 115

extends from corner of mouth to cheekbone
raises corner of mouth upward-smile!!!!

Front 116

chewing muscles

masseter

Back 116

from zygomatic process of temporal bone to mandible
closes mouth

Front 117

temporalis

Back 117

fan shaped muscle overlying temporal bone
helps to close mandible

Front 118

neck muscles

platysma

Back 118

single sheet of muscle that covers anterior neck
helps pull corner of mouth down

Front 119

sternocleidomastoid

Back 119

a 2 headed muscle, one found on either side of neck
1 from sternum and other from clacicle