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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
organs of skeletal system
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bones and ligaments
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ligaments
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attach bone to bone to reinforce joint
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functions of skeletal system
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support, protection, body movement, storage, hematopoiesis
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what do bones store
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minerals such as calcium, and phosphorous
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what is hematopoiesis
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blood cell formation
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what is axial skeleton
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skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column,, thorax
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whta are the 8 cranial bones
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2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal
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how many facial bones
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14 mandible, maxilla
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what cavities are formed by skull
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cranial, nasal, orbits
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only moveable joint of skull
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mandible
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joints of skull
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sutures which are immoveable
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corenal
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between frontal and parietal
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saggital
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b/t parietal bones
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lambdoidal
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b/t occipital and parietal
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squmouos
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b/t parietal and temporal
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fontenals
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membranes connecting fetal skull
allows for compression during birth and growth |
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whaen do fontenals close
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age 2
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sinuses
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cavities that lighten the skull
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hyoid bone
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only bone in body thhat doesn't articulate with another bone
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what does hyoid bone attach to
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ligaments and muscles to support tongue
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bones of vertebral column
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spine also known as backbone and spinal column
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what are bones of vertvbrae
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7 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar |
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what is spinal cord
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consists of nerve fibers that run through the middle of spinal column
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what is thorax
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sternum or breast bone
12 pair of ribs costal cartilage |
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costal cartilage
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attaches ribs
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kinds of ribs
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true-attach to sternum 1-7
false-attach to superior costal cartilage 8-10 floating unattached on anterior side 11-12 |
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what is appendicular skeleton
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pectoral girdle-shoulders
upper and lower limbs pelvic grdle=hips |
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upper limbs
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humerous, radius, ulna, carpals metacarpals, phalanges
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how are carpals arranged
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2 rows, 4 in a row
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metacarpals
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5 in each hand
forms palm idenified br roman # i-v from lateral to medial |
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how many phalanges
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14
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how are phalanges identified
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proximal medial distal
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pelvic girdle
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coxal bones and pubic symphysis
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pubic symphysis
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articulation of coxal bones
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what are 3 fused bones of pelvis
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illium, ischium, pubis
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difference b/t male and female pelvis
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male-less then 90 degree arch
female more then 90 degree arch, wider, lighter |
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leg bones
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tibia, fibula, patella
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where is fibula
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lateral
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what are 7 tarsus bones
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calcaneous(heel), talus, narvicular, medial cuniform, intermediate cuniform, lateral cuniform cuboid
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bones of foot
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metatarsus
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5 bones I-V medial to lateralphalanges
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bones in toes (as well as fingers)
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arthrosis
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atticulation of a joint
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what are the 3 structural type of joints based on
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type of connective tissue holding bones together
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3 joint types
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1.fibrous
2. cartilagenous 3. synovial |
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describe fibrous
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* bones close together
*held by dense connective tissue *limited or no movement |
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describe cartilagenous
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pods of cartilege b/t bones
limited movement ex vertebrae |
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describe synovial
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connective tissue forms articular capsule
ex all joints of limbs |
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features of synovial joints
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ends of articulating bones are seperated by a joint cavity that contains synovial fluid
articular cartilege articular capsule accessory ligaments reinforce the joints |
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articular cartilage cartilage
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covers end of bones
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articular capsule
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outer fibrous capsule
inner synovial membrane |
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menisci
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pads of cartilage that help to stabilize joint
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bursae
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sacs of synovial fluid that cushion movement of skin over bone
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what are synovial joints based on
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shapes of the articulating bones
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name joints
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plantar
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plantar
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flat or slightly curve
back and forth or side to side ex- intercarpal joints |
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hinge
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convex surface fits into concave surface
ex- elbow |
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pivot
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rounded surface articulates with a ring formed by another bone
ex proximal radial ulnar |
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condyloid joint
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egg shaped surface fits into oval depression
ex metacarpophalangeal joints |
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saddle
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one bone surface is saddle and other one fits into it
ex- carpometacarpal joint in thumb |
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ball and socket
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round head fits into cup like depression
ex- shoulder |
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2 kinds of fractures
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simple-skin not broken
compound-skin broken |
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steps to repair a fracture
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*hematoma
*fibrocartilage callus formation *bony callus formation *remodeling |
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hematoma
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blood clot forms from inflamatory reaction
could last several weeks |
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fibrocartilage callus
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fibroblasts produce collagei
chondroblasts produce cartiage to join ends of bone phagocytes clean up and remove clot lasts 3 weeks |
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bony callus formation
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osteoblasts makes spongy bone to replace cartilage
lasts 3-4 months |
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remodeling
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spongy bone converts to compact bone
takes weeks to months |
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osteoporosis
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decrease bone mass
since calcium in body isn't readily absorbed it is take from bones causing decrease in bone mass |
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deviated septum
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deflection(crooked) perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
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palate
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roof of mouth
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hard palate
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anterior portion formed by maxillae
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cleft palate
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failure of maxillae to fuse during development
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scoliosis
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spinal curvature-lateral bending
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kyphosis
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spinal curvature-exagerated thoracic
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lordosis
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spinal curvature
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spina bifida
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failure of vertebrae to fuse
meninges protrude paralysis of various muscles |
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strain
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stretch or tear in muscle or tendon from overstressing or improper lifting
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sprain
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ligament is stretched or torn
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what is RICE theory
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rest ice compression elevation
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torn cartilage
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torn meniscus- repair by arthroscopic surgery
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arthroscopic surgery
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tiny lens and light inserted in joint capsule and image projected on screen
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arthritis
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inflamation of joint
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bursitis
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inflamation of bursa
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anaerobic cellular respiration
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1 molecule of glucose produces 2 molecules of ATP
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consequence of using anaerobic respiration
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lactic acid builds up causing 1. muscle fatique and
2. oxegen debt |
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muscle fatique
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inability og muscle to respond to stimulation
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oxegen
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amt of o2 needed to dispose of lactic acid and replace ATP and CP
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contaction of muscle fiber is all or none
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true
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threshold stimulus
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amt of stimulation needed for a contraction og muscle fiber
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motor unit
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1 neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
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recruitment
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increase in number of motor units being activated
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muscle tone
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muscle contraction when the body is at rest, maintains body posture
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atrophy
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reduction in muscle size due to lack of use
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hypertrophy
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increase in muscle size
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how do muscle cause movement
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all muscles cross at at least 1 point
bulk of muscle is proximal to joint crossed 2 attachments, origin and insertion only pull during contraction the insertion moves towards the origin |
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origin
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end of muscle attached to bone that doesn't move
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insertion
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end of muscle attached to the bone that moves
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belly
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part b/t the origin and insertion
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muscles at joints move in________pairs
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antagonistic pairs
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antagonistic
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muscle that acts in opposition to a prime mover
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prime mover
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muscle that provides most of the movements
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synergists
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help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements
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give example of synergist
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finger flexor muscle cross both the wrist and finger joints
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fixators
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special synergists---holds bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover
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how are skeletal muscles named
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direction of fibers
size of muscle location of muscle number of origin shape of muscle action of muscle |
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arrangement of fassicles
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collections of muscle fibers
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circular fascicles
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arranged in rings typically found surrounding external body openings that close by contracting
ex- orbicular muscles9surrounding eye) |
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convergent the fascicles
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converge toward a single insertion tendon
triangular shaped ex--pectoralis major |
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parallel
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lenghth of fasicle runs parallel to the long axis of a muscle
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fusiform
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results in a spindle shaped muscle with expandable beyyy
ex biceps branch |
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pennate
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short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon
ex--extensor digitorum9leg muscle) |
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facial muscles
frontalis |
covers frontal bone and runs under eyebrow
allows you to raise eyebrows |
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orbicularis oculi
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fibers runs in circles around eye
allows you to blink, squint , close eyess |
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orbicularis oris
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circular muscles of lips
helps close mouth, and protrude lips |
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buccinator
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runs horizontally across cheek and inserts into orbiclaris oris
compress cheek to hold the food b/t teeth during chewing |
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zygomaticus
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extends from corner of mouth to cheekbone
raises corner of mouth upward-smile!!!! |
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chewing muscles
masseter |
from zygomatic process of temporal bone to mandible
closes mouth |
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temporalis
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fan shaped muscle overlying temporal bone
helps to close mandible |
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neck muscles
platysma |
single sheet of muscle that covers anterior neck
helps pull corner of mouth down |
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sternocleidomastoid
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a 2 headed muscle, one found on either side of neck
1 from sternum and other from clacicle |