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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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function of the axial skeleton
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supports head, neck and trunk
protects brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs |
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what bones does the axial skeleton consist of?
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skull, vertebral column and bony thorax
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skull is composed of these bones
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flat
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what is the function of the skull?
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used for attachment of head muscles and protects brain
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what is the function of the vertebral column
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surrounds and protects the spinal cord. provides attachment points for ribs and back muscles
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what are characteristics of the vertebral column
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25 interconnected irregular bones. provides a flexible, curved structure. serves as axial support of the trunk.
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why is the spine s-shaped?
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to prevent shock to head with motion. allows for trunk flexibility.
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cervical and lumbar curves...
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concave posteriorly
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thoracic and sacral curves...
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convex posteriorly
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lordosis
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aka swayback. an accentuated lumbar curve
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kyphosis
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aka hunchback an exaggerated thoracic curve
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scoliosis
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the twisted disease. and abnormal lateral curvature in thoracic region typical in girls during late childhood
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cervical vertebrae are the two of the what?
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smallest and lightest vertebrae.
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atlas/C1
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no body, holds the occipital bone, allows nodding "yes" motion
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axis/C2
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acts as a pivot for rotation, shake "no"
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how many bones does the cervical vertebrae have?
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7 bones
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how many bones does the thoracic vertebrae have?
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12
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characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae
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larger than cervical, longer, palpable spinous process. ribs attach posteriorly
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how many bones in the lumbar vertebrae have?
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5 bones
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what are the characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae?
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huge bodies and short spinous processes. holds most of body weight and stree. very sturdy.
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how many bones dones the sacrum have?
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5 fused bones
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characteristics of the sacrum
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makes up posterior wall of pelvis. strengthens and stabilizes pelvis
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how many bones does the coccyx have?
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4 fused bones
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what do the ligaments of the spine do?
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helps vertebral column stand upright
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anterior longitudinal ligament
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resists back hyperextension
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posterior longtiduinal ligaments
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resists back flexion
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what do intervertebral discs act as?
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cushion-like pads between vertebrae. shock obsorbers during motion
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what takes up about 25% of column?
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intervertebral discs
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what flattens out during the day?
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intervertebral discs
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how many ribs are there?
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12
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what are the function of the ribs?
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protect thoracic organs. attatch posteriorly to thoracic spine
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true ribs
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attach directly to sternum by costal cartilage
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how many true ribs are there?
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7
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false ribs
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join each other by cartilage and indirectly attach to sternum.
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how many floating ribs are there and what are they?
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last two ribs dont have an anterior attachment
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what are the two regions of the pelvis?
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true and false
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what does the true pelvis do?
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dimensions concern to child-bearing women
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what three parts of appendicular skeleton
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pelvis, scapulae and limbs
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what are the 5 functions of the bones
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support of weight and thoratic activity. protection of organs. movement of muscles and bones as levers. storage of fat for calcuim. blood cell formation-hematopesis
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what is hematopesis
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the production of blood cells within marrow cavities
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what is compact bone?
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dense bone. smooth and solid. surrounds all bone.
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spongy bone
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internal portion. trabeculae. open spaces filed with marrow
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trabeculae
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small needle-like projections of bone
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what bone type of bone is it?
longer than wide |
long bone
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what bone type of bone is it? built to absorb stress
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long bone
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what bone type of bone is it? consists of a shafe and 2 heads at either end
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long bone
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what bone type of bone is it? mostly compact but some spongy bone internally
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long bone
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what bone type of bone is it? roughly cube-like
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short
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what bone type of bone is it? ostly spongy bone
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short bone
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what bone type of bone is it? thin layer of compact bone on surface
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short bone
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seasomoid bone
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bone embedded in a tendon. varies in size and numbers/each individual. act to alter the pull of tendon.
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what would be an example of a seasomoid bone?
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patella
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what type of bone is a seasomoid bone?
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short bone
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what bone type of bone is it? thing, flattened and usually curved
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flat bones
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what bone type of bone is it? 2 parallel compact surfaces with a spongy layer in between
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flat bones
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what bone type of bone is it? do not fit any other classifications
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irregular bones
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what bone type of bone is it? complicated shapes
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irregular bones
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what bone type of bone is it? mostly spongy with then compact layer
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irregular bones
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diaphysis
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shaft of long bone. walls made of compact bone
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periosteum
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fibrous sheath that covers lung bones. highly vascularized. functions in bone nourishment and attachment sites.
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sharpey's fibers
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connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to underlying bone
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epiphyses
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ends of long bones. enlarged for muscle attachments. predominately spongy body
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articular cartilage
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covers ends of epiphyses and provdes a slippery surface that decrease friction at joint surfaces
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medullary cavity
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holds marrow in center of diaphysis
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yellow marrow
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fat storage in adults. found in medullary cavity
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red marrow
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found in diaphysis of infants. found in flat bones and epiphsysis in adults
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endosteum
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sheath covering the medullary cavity
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fat storage in adults
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yellow marrow
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found in diaphysis of infants
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red marrow
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decreases frictions at joint surfaces
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articular cartilage
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provides hardness of bone
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inorganinc calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
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reinforces the matrix
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organic collagen
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osteoblasts
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arise from embryonic cells and found on outer surfaces of adult bones. aid in matrix production
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osteocytes
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mature bone cells. trapped in lacunae
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mature bone cell
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osteocyte
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trapped in lacunae
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osteocyte
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lacunae
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cavities in bones where osteocyes are found
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lamellae
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circular layer of bone
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haversion canals
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a system of interconnecting canals in adult compact bone. runs lengthwise through bone. carrying blood bessels and nerves to all areas of bones
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carries blood vessels and nerves
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haverson canals
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canaliculi
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tiny canals that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply. radiate outward from haversion canals
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brings nutrient to cell
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canaliculi
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volkmann's canals
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communication system from extrior of bone to interior. runs at right anagle to draphysis
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communication system
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volkmanns canal
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osteon/haversion systems
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each haversian canal, with lamellae, osteocytes and caniliculi
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embryonic skeleton
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predominately hyaline cartilage
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epiphysis growth plate
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allows for intersitial growth
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intersitial growth
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lengthwise
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cartilage near the epiphyses...
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regenerates
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in skull at birth for brain growth
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fontanels
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