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15 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Agonist

Muscle has a major responsibility for a producing a specific movement

Antagonist

Muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement


Can help regulate agonist movements

Synergists

Help agonist by adding extra force to movement or reduce undesirable movements


Can exert force to specific location

Fixators

Synergists that immobilize a bone so agonist has a stable base on which to act on

How muscles are named

Muscle location, shape, size, direction of muscle fibers, # of origins, location of attachments, and muscle action

Circular (fascicle arrangements)

Fascicles arranged in concentric circles, surround external body openings

Convergent (fascicle arrangements)

Has a broad origin, fascicles converge toward single tendon of insertion, has triangular or fan shape

Parallel (fascicle arrangements)

Length of fascicles runs parallel to the long axis of the muscle


Are straplike or spindle shaped (fusiform)

Pennate (fascicle arrangements)

Fascicles are short and attach obliquely to central tendon that runs the length of muscle


Uni-insert into one side of tendon


Bi-fascicles insert into tendon from opposite sides (feather)


Multi-many feathers side by side

Lever

Rigid bar that moves on fixed point (fulcrum) when a force is applied to it

Mechanical advantage (power lever)

Load is close to fulcrum, effort is applied far from fulcrum, small effort exterted over a relatively large distance can move a large load over small distance

Mechanical disadvantage (speed lever)

Load far from falcrum, effort is applied near falcrum, force exerted by muscle must be greater than the load to be moved or supported

First class lever

Arrangement of elements is load, fulcrum, effort


Can be both advantage and disadvantage (mechanical)


Ex. Raising head off chest

Second class lever

Arrangement of elements is falcrum, load, effort


Mechanical advantage


Ex. Standing on your toes

Third class lever

Arrangement of elements is load, effort, falcrum


Mechanical disadvantage


Ex. Biceps of arm lifting distal forearm