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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomy
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study of the structure of living organisms
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physiology
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study of the way body parts function (what they do and how they interact with each other)
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mammals
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Have hair and mammary glands and give live birth to live offspring
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physiology
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study of body parts and how the performance of one affects the others
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cranial
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closer to the head
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caudal
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closer to the tail
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rostral
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parts of the head that are closer to the tip of the nose
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dorsal
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close to the back or spine
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ventral
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side of the animal closest to the ground
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lateral
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movement or placement of a body part toward the side (right or left)
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medial
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movement toward to spine (or center) of the body from the left or right side
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dorsal aspect
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top of the paw/hoof
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Palmar aspect
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bottom of the front paw/hoof
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plantar aspect
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bottom of the hind paw/hoof
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proximal
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body part closer to the main portion of the body
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distal
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body part that is placed away from the main portion of the body
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levels of body organization
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cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
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cell
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Most basic structure of life
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organs
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composed of groups of tissues that have a common function and work together
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organ systems
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made up of groups of organs with related functions that interact
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mammalian cell structure
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cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm, and a nucleus
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cell membrane
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barrier around the cell that keeps the cell contents confined and defines the cell's shape
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receptors
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structures that hormones and other chemicals outside the cell attach to signal the cell to carry out particular functions
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organelles
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specialized organs within the cell that carry out specific functions
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cytoplasm
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semi liquid substance that organelles float in
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mitochondria
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power plants of the cell
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endoplasmic reticulum, ribisomes, and golgi apparatus
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manufacture proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates to be used by or shipped out of the cell
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lysomes
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sac like organelles that take substances from outside the cell and break down into raw materials for other organelles
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nucleus
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brain of the cell
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nuclear membrane
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surrounds the nucleus and functions like the cell membrane
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nucleolus
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organelle within the nucleus
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transcription
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DNA messages are copied into the equivalent RNA molecule
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ion
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charged substances that are located in all fluid compartments
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electrolytes
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ions capable of conducting electrical impulses
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active transport process
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transport processes used by the cell that require energy
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passive transport process
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include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
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mitosis
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cells reproduce by dividing to produce two identical cells which causes livings things to grow with time
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four phases of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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prophase
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chromosomes condense and nuclear membrane dissolves
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metaphase
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chromosomes line up in a row in the middle of the cell
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anaphase
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chromosomes are pulled apart
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telophase
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cell begins to pinch in half so that a new membrane forms
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tissues
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identical or closely related cells grouped together
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four types of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
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organs
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body components made of different types of tissues
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organ systems
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collection of organs that cooperate to perform specific functions
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