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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Where was the center of the Enlightenment? When?
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France, 1700's
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What is the title we apply to those who were most influential in Enlightened thought?
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Philosophes
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they would include Diderot, De Monteequieu, Rousseau, Voltaire
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Why was Voltaire so important to the Enlightenment?
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He set the attitude
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What were Voltiare's religious beliefs?
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he was Deist: God created the world and natural laws and then set the world free. He doesn't intervene and there are no miracles.
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How did Voltaire view war?
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-he is somewhat sarcastic
-about how people see it as glorious but really it's horrific -also about how both armies think God is on their own side... but that's impossible -also people who are views as heros... really rape and murder |
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What did Voltaire think about Superstition?
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ridiculous: despite reason and logic witches are still being killed
Note: he will play a large role in changing this |
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Where were Voltaire's views on dogma and fanaticism?
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-most strong beliefs (dogma) aren't provable therefore you might not be right so you shouldn't fight about it
-fanaticsm is when you murder someone over dogma, it is distorted and intolerant |
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What did Voltaire think about tolerance?
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-everyone has faults and weaknesses --> we're all equal --> it's stupid to have prejudice
-once Christians were the minority, now they should tolerate other minorities -we are all brothers and children of God -and tolerance never caused a war |
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Name several philosophes.
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Diderot, De Montesquieu, Rousseu, Voltaire
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Define Empiricism.
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the philosophy that knowlege can only be obtained through the senses (investigation)
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What was Liebniz's philosophy?
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God is perfect and therefore the world must be perfect... or at least the most perfect of all worlds
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What did Diderot do?
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tried to create an encyclopedia
it included pictures, diagrams, text and opinion not the boring, dry kind |
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What can we tell about De Montesquieu's name and why is it important?
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he was a baron, and part of the nobles resurgance from absolutism
he was interested in a form of government where the nobility had some power (in the Estates General) |
DE...
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Where did De Montesquieu get his ideas?
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he was a travelling intellectual and like England's government
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What did De Montesquieu think an effective government needed and how did he think it should be achieved?
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-separation of powers
-checks and balances -limit power and abuses -three parts of the government: Roi (executive), parlements (like a judiciary), Estates General (legislative) |
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Which forms of governments are Locke, Hobbes and Rousseau encouraging?
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Locke: constitutional
Hobbes: absolutism Rousseau: communism, democracy (w/o factions etc), dictatorship |
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How was Catherine the Great Enlightened?
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-liked Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot
-liked Enlightenment ideas: equality and citizen's rights and got support b/c of them (tried Grand Commission and abolishment of serfdom) -in reality a lot of her Enlightened plans didn't work cause she would lose support from other people -westernized and modernized -gave more local power to nobles -no torture or capital punishment -founded school for girls -medical college and a little healthcare for nobles -Free Economics Society: to improve economy -expansions west and south |
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Why didn't Catherine end up abolishing serfdom?
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Pugachev's Rebellion: over serfdom conditions
took a lot of effort to put down and annoyed Catherine so she didn't want to abloish serfdom after all |
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How was Joseph II of Austria Enlightened?
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-patron of arts
-abolished serfdom -supported tolerance and liberties to jews -secularized church lands: reduced church power -spread education -despotism -abolished death penalty -educated by Voltaire -inspired by Frederick the Great -established secret police -ag reforms -educated farmers -equal taxation -played piano -eliminated some tarrifs Note: when his little brother Leopold came to the throne, he undid almost everything |
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How was Frederick the Great of Prussia Enlightened?
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-introduced religious toleration
-philosopher -friends with Voltaire -open to arts -abolished serfdom -primary education -reforms: no torture or capital punishment, justice system -college of science -improved administration -"servant for state" -codified laws: written, accesible, equal |
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How was Maria Theresa of Austria Enlightened?
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-standardized, nationalized, secularized education
-robot patent: serfs could make and keep money, regulated work hours -made German the official language -made police system better --> less crime -promoted commerce and ag -changes lasted -Edict of Toleration: freedom for Lutherans and Calvinists |
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What were the ideals of revolutionary movements during the Enlightenment?
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liberty and equality: specific rights, constitutions, sovereignty of people, national constitutions, less social distinctions (none based on birth, priviledge or estate) ei meritocracy, no aristocracy, elected representatives, majority rule, relgion doesn't define citizenship, no special postition of church, Jews given rights
-mostly wanted by middle class: no more noble values |
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List trends of the Enlightenment.
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-focus on the people: education, working conditions, living conditions
-relgious tolerance -tendancy to value equality -artistic appreciation -natural law: individualism -government exists for benefit of people -trend towards secularization -states should be efficient -humanistic values -movement towards democracy (citizenship) and republicanism -standardization -MERITOCRACY: jobs should go to people who deserve them based on skill/merit |
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