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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Describe the Ptolemaic view of the universe.
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-moon, sun and planets cirle Earth in 'ether'
-the stars are in heaven/sky |
What is another name for it?
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What is another name for the Ptolemaic view of the universe?
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geocentric
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describe it in a word
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Why did the clergy like the Ptolemaic/geocentric view of the universe?
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it made the earth and gods central/superior/more important
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What was Copernicus's view of the universe?
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everything orbits the sun in perfect circles.
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what is it called
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What's the name for Copernicus's view of the universe?
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Heliocentric
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describe it in a word
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Who was Copernicus and who was he (ironically)working for?
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he was a Polish clergyman working on behalf of the church
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What did Copernicus write?
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De Revolutionibus
Note: published postmortem |
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What was Copernicus's first name?
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Nicholas
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Give a summary of Copernicus.
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A Polish clergyman who developed a heliocentric view of the universe.
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Who were Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler?
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German men working for the Danish king. Kepler was kind of Brahe's assistant.
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Why is the geographic location of Brahe and Kepler important?
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They were farther from Rome and the influence of the Church which liked the geocentric view of the universe.
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What did Brahe and Kepler do?
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Built an observatory and noticed that Copernicus's idea was good but the perfectly circular orbits did quite make sense
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What laws the Brahe and Kepler come up with?
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1. orbits are elliptical
2. planets travel at different speeds 3. planets travel faster when closer to the sun |
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Where was Galileo working and why did it matter.
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he worked in Italy: right under the nose of the Church
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What were Galileo's biggest accomplishments?
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-improved the telescope
-PROVED THE IMPORTANE OF EXPERIMENTS |
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What did Galileo write?
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The Starry Messenger
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What were some of Galileo's ideas in his book and their importance?
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-the moon has mountains (goes against Aristotle)
-Jupiter has moons that are not around Earth (weakens Church's assurtions) -Ptolemy's foggy stars are clusters -Tests and disproves Aristotle's statement that heavy objects fall faster than light objects (importance of experimentation) |
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Why were Galileo's ideas so controversial?
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Aristotle was absolutely believed but Galileo was able to PROVE them wrong. This a whole new paradigm and the early beginnings Scientific Revolution. He was also holding ideas that weakened the Church.
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What was Galileo's fate and why?
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Galileo was very vocal about his support of the Copernican model. The Church brought him before the Roman Inquisition where they tried to force him to recant and he was sentenced to a lifetime of house arrest. 300 years later, the Church took it back.
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Who was Bacon?
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the Lord Chancellor in England and a writer.
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What did Bacon write?
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Novum Organum/New Atlantis
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What was Bacon's 'New Atlanis'? What idea did his book state?
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- a Utopia governed by scientific laws
- emphasizing the importance of theories through induction -did not see the potential for using math in the scientific method |
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What is induction?
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-specific observations lead to a theory (eg the big bang theory)
-using the scientific method |
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What was important about the new ideas of a scienific method?
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it is a recorded and reproducible process
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Who was Rene Descartes?
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a mathematician and philosopher
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What were Descartes mathematical ideas?
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-math can descirbe our world
-Cartesian geometry 0- |
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What were Descartes philosophical ideas and what was his inspiration?
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After travelling and seeing many perspectives, he wondered "what is real?" and stated "cogito ergo sum" or "i think therefore i am." This was an axion from which the rest of his philosophy on the real vrs the perceived (Cartesion dualism) stemed. He also believed in induction.
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What did Sir Isaad Newton do?
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-the three laws of motion
-which were combined into ideas of gravity -things that are bigger or closer have more gravity -developed calculus |
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Which two men were involved in the development of calculus?
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Newton and Leibniz
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What are the bsic social rights?
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education
food/water/air clothing health shelter stability |
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What are the basic natural rights?
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freedom
life property (b/c if no one can earn anything they won't do anything) |
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What are human rights?
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social rights and natural rights
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What is the basis of social, natural and human rights?
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they are dictated by reason and logic
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Natural right --> natural law. Who?
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Hugo Grotius and Van Pufendorf
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When was Thomas Hobbes doing his work? Why was this important?
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During the English Civil Wars, a very chaotic time. He would be looking for some way to eliminate that chaos.
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In what book did Hobbes write about his political ideas?
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"Leviathan"
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What form of government did Hobbes jusitfy and how?
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Absolutism: he observed the chaos and brutishness of greed of people in the historical State of Nature (no government)and deduced an implied social contract.
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What was Hobbes implied social contract?
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Ruler gives order and gets control of natural rights
Subjects give natural rights and get order |
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What was importance of Hobbes social contract?
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-change from divine right
-secular justification of absolutist power Note: monarchs still held on to divine right |
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What did Locke write?
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Two Treatises on Government
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What were Locke's views?
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-constitutional monarchy
-people are reasonable and educable: they are 'tabula rase' a blank slate and learn from their environments |
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What was Locke's social contract?
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Ruler gives natural rights and gets loyalty and good sense
People give loyaly and good sense and get natural rights |
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What was very unique about Locke's social contract?
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it was conditional: the people could take back their loyalty if their rights weren't given
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When was Locke working? Why was this important?
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Just after the Glorious Revolution? He would have had a more positive outlook.
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Compare the times when Hobbes and Locke were working? How did the state of England at that time effect them?
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Hobbes was working during a bloody chaotic time, Locke during a new order. Hobbes would tend to be more pessimistic about human nature Locke more optimistic.
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