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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What happens in single cell recording?

The electrode picks up activity of a single neuron


Electrical activity of single cells can be monitored by an electrode placed outside of the cell membrane and inside the cell membrane

Recording outside the cell

extracellular recording

Recording inside of the cell

intrracellular

What does the electrode do?

An electrode is introduced into the brain of a living animal


Detects action potentials


Generated by the neurons adjacent to the electrode tip

Microelectrodes are used for

extra cellular single unit recordings

The wires used are

made from tungsten or platinum-iridium alloys


they are insulated except at their extreme tip


often glass micropipettes willed with a weak electrolyte solution similar in composition to extra cellular fluid

Microelectrodes have a tip size of

3 to 10 micrometers

Single cell recording is performed on

nonhuman primates


cats


rodents

During the procedure, the animal is

anaesthetized, held in a stereotaxic frame, intubated (to help breathing), body temperature monitored

What does the procedure involve?

A craniotoomy is conducted


Electrode inserted


Visual stimulation


Recording

To confirm the site of recording

Dye ejected from microelectrode


Animal sacrificed


Dye mark recovered

Brain cells in the right visual cortex are only driven by stimulation of

the left visual field, but only a very specific area of the visual field. This is the receptive field for that particular brain cell

Bars and gratings are used to

work out the orientation of stimuli and direction of movement preferred by a cell

Receptive field

The receptive field of asensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus willalter the firing of that neuron(increase/excite or decrease/suppress)

ganglion cells --->

geniculate cells ---> single cortical cells ---> V1, V2, V3 cells

Simple cells

areactivated by features such as edges

Complex cells

combineinformation from several simple cells and detect the position and orientationof the stimuli1

Hypercomplex cells

detectend points and crossing lines from the positional and orientation information.

Critical period for the development of binocular sensitive cells in cats and humans:

12 weeks in cats


36 months in humans

Place cells

only fire when an animal enters a specific location in a given enrionment


different place cells could be active in different places


the combination of activity in many lace cells creates an internal neural map of their surroundings


The hippocampus can contain multiple maps represented by combinations of activity in different environments


A specific combination of active place cells may therefore represent a unique environment

Place cells are found in

the hippocampus

The hippocampus is larger in a

rat than a primate

Associative spatial memory is stored in the

place cells

Taxi drivers have a significantly larger

posterior hippocampus than controlls

Single cell recording does not allow neuropsychologists to simultaneouslyanalyse

patterns of activity at multiple locations in the brain

fMRI scanning of adolescents and adults when doing allocentric or memory guided navigation

showed that lots of different areas of the brain are activated, and this is not shown by single cell recording

Single cell recording provides little information about

the relative timing of neural events at different brain locations

However, simultaneous measurement of the onset and offset of neural activity can provide valuable information about

cause and effect relationships between cognitive structures as cognitive operations unfold

Single cell recording provides little information about the inputs and outputs of

any given neuron