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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prediction |
guess about what will happen next based on observations and experiences
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Inference
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reasonable conclusion based on observations and clues
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hypothesis
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educated guess about what might happen; must be able to be tested; can be supported using observations and repeated experiments with large sample sizes; results may change it
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theory
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well established, reliable explanation that has been tested in many conditions by multiple people
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For an experimental investigation use the
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scientific method
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Scientific Method
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1. question, collect information, make a hypothesis
2. conduct an experiment 3. collect and organize observations 4. summarize data in tables, graphs, models 5. make a conclusion |
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Model
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simplified representation
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Quantitative data
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data that involves measurement
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Qualitative data
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data that uses words to describe properties that were not measured, like color or shape
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controlled variable
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variable that is held constant during the experiment; "normal" sample
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independent variable
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variable that is manipulated (changed) during the experiment; it is shown on the x axis (horizontal axis)
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dependent variable
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variable that responds to changes in the independent variable; its value is measured; it is shown on the y axis (vertical axis)
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descriptive investigation
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example: count the number of owls in a forest
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comparative investigation
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example: observe similarities and differences between the wings of a butterfly and the wings of a wasp
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experimental investigation
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example: apply different amounts of fertilizer to two plants to explore how fertilizer levels affect plant growth
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Purpose of goggles
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protect eyes from splashing or hot liquids
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autotroph
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organism that makes its own food
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heterotroph
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organism that depends on other organisms for food
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When finished with a lab...
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clean up your area, tools, and hands; turn off equipment; recycle or dispose of materials properly
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Instead of smelling chemicals directly….
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waft
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Do not return unused chemicals to ….
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original source
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Point test tubes that are being heated...
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away from you and others.
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carbon cycle
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constant movement of carbon through the environment
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plants use carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches by
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photosynthesis
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animals eat plants and use this carbon for
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cellular respiration
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decomposers break down dead plants and animals and their waste; use some carbon for life processes; release some carbon back to the atmosphere in the form of
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carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane CH4
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Volcanic eruptions, burning of fossil fuels, and eroding rocks that contain calcium carbonate releases
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carbon into the environment
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nitrogen cycle
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constant movement of nitrogen (required by organisms) through the environment
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bacteria and lighting change the atmosphere's nitrogen gas into….
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a usable form for plants
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plants uptake nitrates from the soil; plants are then eaten by
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animals
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decomposers
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return nitrogen to the soil by breaking down dead organisms and or waste
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denitrifying bacteria
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change nitrogenous compounds back to nitrogen gas (N2)
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disruption of the nitrogen cycle or carbon cycle can result in
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various consequences
example: plant growth |
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limiting factors
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conditions that control a populations size
examples: food, disease, predators |
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carrying capacity
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maximum population that can live in an area over a given amount of time; controlled by limiting factors
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A species long term survival is possible only if organisms can…
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adapt to changes and reproduce.
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trophic level
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classification of organisms by feeding relationships
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The first trophic level is made up of ..
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Producers
example: plant |
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The second, third, and fourth trophic levels are called
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primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
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Ecological pyramid
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shows biomass, energy flow, and relative number of organisms within an ecosystem; first level contains the most species
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Herbivore
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organism that gets food from plants
ex. deer |
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Carnivore
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organism that gets food from animals (meat)
ex. tiger |
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Omnivore
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organism that gets food from plants and animals |
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Moving up the pyramid to higher levels biomass, what happens to the number of organisms, and stored energy? |
decrease by 90%, only 10% transfers up to the next level |
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What is lost as you move up a trophic level in an energy pyramid? |
Heat |
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Moving up the pyramid to higher levels, toxins (poison) |
are concentrated (increased) |
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producer
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organism that makes its own food
ex. plant |
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consumer
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organism that gets food from other organisms |
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decomposer
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organism that gets food from dead organisms or the waste of organisms
ex. fungus |
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food chain
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single path that uses arrows to show how energy and mater are passed from one organism to another; energy originates from the sun and is passed to producers and then to consumers |
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food web
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network of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem
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ecosystem
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mix of all biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) things, conditions, and interactions in an area
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organism
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living thing made of one or more cells
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species
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organisms that have similar characteristics and can breed with each other to produce fertile offspring
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population
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organisms of the same species that live in a particular area and interbreed
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variation
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difference that exists among organisms; environmental factors can cause one variation to be more favorable than another
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adaptation
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trait that helps an organism live or meet its needs better
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competition
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two populations struggle for the same resource
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natural selection
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organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce more successfully than others; causes changes in populations (not in individual organisms) affects the diversity of species |
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predation
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one population (predator) captures and feeds upon another population (prey)
ex. lion (predator) gazelle (prey) |
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parasitism
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one population (parasite) benefits while another population (host) is harmed
ex. tic (parasite) dog (host) |
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commensalism
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one population benefits while there is no effect on the other population
ex. whale and barnacle |
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mutualism
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two populations benefit from their interaction
bee (spreads pollen) flower (provides nectar) |
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ecological succession
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progressive process of building or rebuilding a community over time; diversity of populations and species changes during the process
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primary succession
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development of plant or animal communities where no soil existed
ex. after a lava flow |
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secondary succession
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development of new plant or animal communities after a disruption
ex. after a fire |
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pioneer organisms
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in primary succession they break down rocks to create soil
ex. lichens |
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Order of succession
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lichen, moss, grass, shrubs, trees
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Interdependence exists in environments; if an entire species is unable to respond to changes it could face
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extinction
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homeostasis
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regulation of conditions (like temperature) within a living system which allows for stable, "normal" internal equilibrium (balance) |
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internal feedback mechanism
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self - regulating process, like a chemical reaction, that can help maintain homeostasis |
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negative feedback mechanism |
decreases effect
ex. get hot, sweat which cools |
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positive feedback
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increases effect
ex. as apples ripen, produce gas that makes it continue to ripen |
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Levels of organization in biological systems
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atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community
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enzyme |
protein that speeds up specific chemical reaction; it does not change during reaction; ending -ase
ex. catalase |
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carbohydrate (sugar, starch)
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contains C, O, and H; source of energy (like glucose), structural molecule (cellulose in plant cell wall)
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lipid (steroid, wax, oil, fatty acid)
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contains C, O, and H; insoluble in water; source of energy; makes up cell membrane; protective (wax coat on leaf); chemical messenger (cholesterol)
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protein (enzyme, hormone) |
contains C, N, O, H; made of amino acids; large and complex; structural like hair and nails, transports (hemoglobin)
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nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
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contains a sugar group, phosphate group, & nitrogen base; large and complex; carrier of genetic information & instructions for making (synthesis) proteins
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organic molecule
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molecule that is found in living organisms, contain carbon, C, in rings or long chains |
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small organic molecules (monomers) can link together to make more complex molecules called
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polymers |
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active transport
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movement of molecules in and out of cells across the cell membrane that requires energy
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passive transport
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movement of molecules in and out of cells across the cell membrane that does not require energy |
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osmosis |
water is passively transported across a membrane |
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aerobic cellular respiration |
mitochondria release energy (ATP) from molecules like glucose |
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photosynthesis |
plant cells use energy from the sun to make a sugar called glucose
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cell
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smallest unit of living things
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prokaryotic cell
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cell that has cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, but NO nucleus or NO organelles
ex. archae, bacteria |
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eukaryotic cell |
cell that has cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, NUCLEUS, ORGANELLES
ex. protist, fungi, plant, animal |
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cell membrane
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surrounds cell, controls what enters and leaves cell; recognizes other cells; maintains homeostasis |
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cytoplasm
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gel in the cell; suspends organelles
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nucleus
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controls the cells activities; contains DNA |
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mitochondria |
place for cellular respiration; powerhouse of cell; breaks down food to release energy (ATP) |
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ribosome
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makes proteins; round structures, on rough ER
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rough or smooth ER |
pipe like structures, move and change proteins, produce lipids |
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golgi body/ complex |
changes and packages cell products
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vacuole
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holds materials like water; large in plant cells
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lysosome |
breaks down waste in cell using enzymes
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cell wall
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surrounds cell membrane; only in plant cells |
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chloroplast
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contains chlorophyll (green pigment) for photosynthesis; only in plant cells |
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Photosynthesis products and reactants in aerobic cellular respiration |
Reactants: water, carbon dioxide, light Products: glucose (C6H1206), and oxygen |
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Kreb's Cycle |
the cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria that produces energy |
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Calvin Cycle |
the cycle in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar, sometimes referred to as the dark reaction |
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What is the purpose of ATP in cellular respiration and photosynthesis? |
to transfer energy from one molecule to another |
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Products and reactants in aerobic cellular respiration |
Reactants: glucose, oxygen Products: water, carbon dioxide, ATP |
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nucleotide |
the monomer for DNA, made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogen base (A,T,C,G) |
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During DNA replication, what are the complementary base pairs? |
A bonds with T, C bonds with G |
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What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA? |
A bonds with U, C bonds with G |
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What are the sugars in DNA and RNA? |
DNA - Deoxyribose RNA - Ribose |
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What are the types of RNA? |
mRNA - messenger RNA - carries code from nucleus to ribosome tRNA - transfer RNA - decodes mRNA rRNA - ribosomal RNA - acts like protein factory by assembling amino acids |
