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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sophie.
General State Theory of Lesbian Identity Development Four Stages |
1. First Awareness
2. Testing and Exploration 3. Identity Acceptance 4. Identity Integration First Time In Ingrid |
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Osipow 4 types of theories of career choice and development
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Developmental Approach
-- Vocational Identity Theory (Tiedeman) -- Super's Theory Trait-Oriented Approaches -- Parson's -- Holland's Reinforcement-Based Approach -- Social Learning Theory (Krumboltz's) Personality Approach -- Roe's Theory |
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Cross's Model of Black Identity
Four Stage |
1. Pre-Encounter
2. Encounter 3. Immersion-Emersion 4. Internalization Please Eat In Indiana |
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Atkinson, Morten, and Sue
Minority Identity Model Stages |
1. Conformity
2. Dissonance 3. Resistance and Immersion 4. Introspection 5. Synergistic articulation and awareness Coloreds Dare Racists In Song |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
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Level 1: Preconventional Morality
--Stage 1: Disobedience and Punishment Orientation -- Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange Level II: Conventional Morality -- Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships -- Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order Level III: Post-Conventional Morality -- Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights -- Stage 6:Universal Principles Do It Good Man at Slippery U |
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Theories of Career Development:
-Dawis and Lofquist -Super -Holland -Tiedeman and O'Hara |
Dawis and Lofquist Work Adjustment Theory: focus on correspondence between individual and work environment
correspondence desirable and occurs when person and work environment fill each others needs Super's Life Span/Life Space Theory: emphasizes role of self-concept. how vocational self-concept is related to life stage development Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice: match between personality and characteristics of the job Tiedeman and O'Hara's Theory of Career Development: decision making crucial element of career development. 2 stages (anticipation and implemention). helping people be aware of factors that contribute to decisions at each stage |
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Troiden: Homosexual Identity Development
Stages: |
•Stage 1: sensitization; feeling different
o Middle childhood – feels different from peers •Stage 2: self-recognition; identity confusion o Onset of puberty – realizes attraction to people of the same sex and attributes feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil and confusion •Stage 3: identity assumption o Become more certain of homosexuality and may deal in a variety of ways o Pass as heterosexual, align with homosexual community, or act consistent with society’s stereotypes about homosexuality •Stage 4: commitment; identity integration o Adopted a homosexual way of life and publicly disclose their homosexuality Seeing Self Is Common |
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Baumbartner's phases of incorporation a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS into one's identity:
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1. Diagnosis
2. Post-Diagnosis Turning Point 3. Immersion 4. post-Immersion Turning Point 5. Integration (Considered last stage) 6. Disclosure (Occurs throughout) Don't Pass Identity Past Igor |
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Driver's Career Concepts
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1. Steady State
2. Linear 3. Spiral 4. Transitory Dimensions: 1. frequency of job change 2. direction of change 3. Type of change |
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Research Designs:
Solomon four-group Counterbalanced |
Solomon four-group: combines pretest-posttest control group design: evaluates effects of pretesting on internal and external validity
Counterbalanced: within-subjects designs that help control order or practice effects by administering the levels of the independent variable to different subjects in a different order |
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Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
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1. Trust vs. mistrust (infant)
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddler) 3. Initiative vs. guilt (early childhood) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (school age) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) 8. Ego integrity vs. despair (maturation/old age) |
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Frontal lobe damage effects:
Medial Frontal Area Anterior Cingulate Area Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area Orbitofrontal Area |
Medial Frontal: akinesia, mutism, and weakness and loss of sensation in the lower extremities
Anterior Cingulate Area: apathy and paucity of speech and movement Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area: impaired executive functioning, slowed information processing, and mood and personality changes Orbitofrontal Areas: pseudopsychopathhy (disinhibition and impulsive behavior), euphoria, lack of judgment and social tact, and distractibility |
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Statistical Tests:
T-test ANOVA Mann-Whitney U test Wilcoxen Matched Pairs Kruskal-Wallis Scheffe |
t-test: compares 2 groups
ANOVA: compare 3 or more independent groups Mann-Whitney U test: compares 2 independent groups Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test: compare 2 related groups Kruskal-Wallis: nonparametric alternative to one-way ANOVA - compares 2 or more independent groups Scheffe: post-hoc test used to compare means. Requires same assumptions as ANOVA |
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MMPI Scales
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 |
1. hypochondriasis
2. Depression 3. Hysteria 4. Psychopathic Deviate 5. Masculinity, Femininity 6. Paranoia 7. Psychasthenia (anxiety, obsessions, compulsions) 8. Schizophrenia 9. Hypomania 10. Social Introversion He Delivers Her Posies Mainly Pink and Purple So He Says |
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Dys - es
Dysarthria Dysosmia Dyspraxia Dysprosody |
Dysarthria: problems in articulation
Dysosmia: disorder in sense of smell Dyspraxia: severe impairments in writing, drawaing, and other tasks requiring fine motor skills Dysprosody: difficulty regulating rate, rhythm, pitch, loudness of speech. characteristic of Broca's aphasia and other nonfluent aphasias. |
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STDs
Genital Herpes Candidiasis Trichomoniasis Genital Warts |
Genital Herpes: caused by a herpes virus. blisters on or near genitals, painful urination, burning or tingling, headache, fatigue, chills, fever, and flu-like symptoms
Candidiasis: yeast infection. itching and burning; vulvovaginal pain, irritation, and inflamation; thick vaginal discharge Trichomoniasis: parasitic infection in both men and women, often along with other STDs. women: yellow-green or gray discharge, volvovaginal itching and discomfort, painful and frequent urination, and discomfort during sex. Men: usually asymptomatic, but may have pale white discharge and painful or difficult urination. Genital Warts: caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Warts are red, pink, white, or grey and soft, flat, and irregularly shaped. When irritated, may become painful; as they increase in size they may bleed, itch, and produce discharge |
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Berry's Bidirectional Acculturation Model
4 categories |
1. integration: maintains own culture and adopts aspects of dominant culture
2. assimilation: accepts dominant culture while relinquishing own 3. separation: withdraws from dominant culture and accepts own. 4. marginalization: does not identify with own or dominant culture It Assumes Separate Meetings |
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MMPI:
1. random selection of T/F 2. answers true to all questions 3. malingering |
1. produces high scores on most clinical scales and high F-scale score
2. equal number of clinical scales will have low and high scores 3. sawtooth pattern |
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Correlation for IQ scores
Identical twins reared together Identical twins reared apart Fraternal twins reared together Biological siblings reared together Biological siblings reared apart Biological parent and child (together) Biological parent and child (apart) Adoptive parent and child |
Identical twins reared together = .85
Identical twins reared apart = .67 Fraternal twins reared together = .58 Biological siblings reared together = .45 Biological siblings reared apart = .24 Biological parent and child (together) = .39 Biological parent and child (apart) = .22 Adoptive parent and child = .18 |
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Theories of Leadership:
Contingency Theory Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model Graen's Leader-Member Exchange Model House's Path-Goal Theory Vroom, Yetton, and Jago's Leader-Participation Model |
Contingency Theory: Fiedler (1967): interaction between leader’s style and favorableness of situation. High LPC and Low LPC
Hersey and Blachard's Situational Leadership Model: 4 leadership styles: Telling: high task, low relationship style Selling: high task, high relationship style Participating: low task, high relationship style Delegating: low task, low relationship style Graen's Leader-Member Exchange Model: also called LMX or Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory, describes how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members. House's Path-Goal Theory: carve a path for subordinates that allows them to fulfill personal goals thru achievement of group and organizational goals Vroom, Yetton, and Jago's Leader-Participation Model: •5 basic decision strategies --AI (Autocratic): leader makes decisions alone --AII (Autocratic): leader seeks input from employees but makes final decision --CI (Consultative): leader explains problem to employees on 1 to 1 basis, but decision may or may not reflect input --CII (Consultative): leader explains problem to employees as a group, but decision may or may not reflect input --G (Group): leader explains problem to employees as a group, and the group makes final decision •Decision tree provided with the model to choose optimal strategy |
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Statistical Formulas:
98% Confidence Interval = ? |
98% ConfidenceInterval = StandardError * 1.96
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Depression Theories:
Bandura's Self-Efficacy Model Rehm's Self-Control Theory Seligman's Learned Helplessness Model |
Bandura's Self-Efficacy Model: depression and other undesirable or maladaptive behaviors are due to a low sense of self-efficacy
Rehm's Self-Control Theory: selectively attend to negative events and to the immediate consequences of their behavior; make inaccurate internal attributions about their behaviors; and have low rates of self-reinforcement Seligman's Learned Helplessness Model: prior exposure to uncontrollable negative events, which leads to a sense of helplessness |
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Schizophrenia:
For Diagnosis: Subtypes: 1. Paranoid: 2. Disorganized: 3. Catatonic: 4. Unidifferentiated 5. Residual |
For diagnosis:
1.Continuous disturbance of 6 months or more 2.1 month of 2 or more active-phase symptoms 3. Requires evidence of impairment in one or more major areas of functioning Subtypes: 1. Paranoid: -Strongest familial link 2. Disorganized: - Disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect - Delusions and hallucinations, if present, are fragmentary and not organized around a coherent theme 3. Catatonic: • include at least 2 of the following - Motoric immobility - Excessive motor activity - Extreme negativism or mutism - Peculiarities in voluntary movement - Echolalia or echopraxia 4. Unidifferentiated - Symptoms do not meet the criteria for a more specific subtype 5. Residual - Not currently exhibiting prominent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or disorganized behavior but has had such symptoms in the past and continues to display negative and/or attenuated positive symptoms |
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Research techniques:
Cluster Analysis Multitrait-multimethod matrix Discriminant Function Analysis Structural Equation Modeling |
Cluster Analysis: identifies homogeneous groups from a collection of observations
Multitrait-multimethod matrix: evaluates convergent and divergent validity Discriminant Function Analysis: classify people into criterion groups based on their scores or status on 2 or more predictors Structural Equation Modeling: explores or confirms hypothesized relationships between both measured and latent variables |
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Therapies:
Solution-Focused Therapy Reality Therapy (Glasser) Motivational Interviewing Interpersonal Therapy Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers) Gestalt Therapy (Perls) Analytical Psychotherapy (Jung) |
Solution-Focused Therapy: Miracle, scaling, and exception question
Reality Therapy (Glasser): Success and Failure Identity Motivational Interviewing: OARS - open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summary statements Interpersonal Therapy: unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers): unconditional positive regard, genuineness Gestalt Therapy (Perls): self and self-image; boundary disturbances (introjection, projection, retroflection, confluence) Analytical Psychotherapy (Jung): four stages (confession, elucidation, education, and transformation) to help achieve individuation and self-realization |
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More Therapies
Rational Emotive Therapy Object-Relations Therapy Individual Therapy (Adler) |
Rational Emotive Therapy: REBT. ABC's
Object-Relations Therapy: Intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. projective identification with family members. Uses interpreting transferences, resistances, and other factors to foster insight Individual Therapy (Adler): motivated primarily by the need to belong. misdirected to attention, power, revenge, or to display inadequacy. Style of Life. |
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Intelligence
Sternberg's Triarchic Model Gardner's Intelligences Perkins Cattell and Horn |
Sternberg's Triarchic Model: 3 components: componential, experiential, and practical
Gardner's Intelligences: Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic Perkins: neural, experiential, and reflective Cattell and Horn: fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and visual-spatial reasoning. |
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More Stats:
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Survival Analysis Q-technique Cluster Analysis |
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): evaluate causal (predictive influences of multiple latent factors
Survival Analysis: assess the length of time to the occurrence of a critical event Q-technique: determine for a sample of people how many types the sample represents Cluster Analysis: identify natural grouping among a collection of observations |
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Piaget Moral Development
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< 6: premoral stage and exhibit little concern for rules
7-10: heteronomous morality – believe rules are set by authority figures and are unalterable --Consider whether a rule has been violated and what the consequences of the act are – the greater the negative, the worse the act Beginning 11: autonomous morality (morality of cooperation) – view rules as arbitrary and as being alterable when the people who are governed by them agree to change them. -- Focus more on the intention of the actor than on the act’s consequences |
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precentral gyrus versus postcentral gyrus
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Precentral Gyrus is bounded in front by the precentral sulcus and behind by the central sulcus. It serves as the primary motor region of the cerebral cortex also organized in a somatotropic fashion.
Postcentral Gyrus lies nearly parallel to the precentral gyrus. It serves as the primary somesthetic cortex, in which general sensory projections are represented in a characteristic somatotropic pattern. |
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Bootstrapping:
Semantic Prosodic Syntactic Morphological |
Semantic: use meaning of words to infer syntactical category
Prosodic: using prosody to make deductions about syntax Syntactic: uses syntactical info to make deductions about word's meaning Morphological: using morphemes to deduce meaning of a word |
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Family Therapy Folks:
Ackerman Whitaker Kempler Liberman |
Ackerman: integrated psychoanalytic approach with systems approach to assess and treat families
Whitaker: applied experiential (humanistic) principles to family therapy Kempler: integrated Gestalt therapy with family therapy Liberman: major figure in behavioral family therapy |
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Kohlberg's Cognitive Theory, Gender Identity Development: Three Stages
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1. Identity (Age 3)
2. Stability 3. Constancy (Age 7) |
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Kurt Lewin process of organizational change (force field analysis) 3 stages
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1. unfreezing
2. changing 3. refreezing |
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Validities:
Content Validity Construct Validity Criterion-Related Validity Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity Empirical Validity |
Content Validity: adequately samples the content or behavior domain designed to measure - relies on judgment of subject matter experts
Construct Validity: measures the hypothetical trait it is intended to measure (convergent and discriminant validity) Criterion-Related Validity: draws conclusions about an examinee's likely standing or performance on another measure Concurrent Validity: criterion data are collected prior to or at the same time as data on the predictor Predictive Validity: criterion is measured some time after the predictor Empirical Validity: describes how closely scores on a test correspond (correlate) with behaviour as measured in other contexts. |
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Katz
Gender Identity Development (4 milestones) |
1. Gender Labeling
2. Gender Constancy 3. Sexual Gender (Puberty) 4. Reproductive Gender (Adulthood) |