• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/36

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sophie.

General State Theory of Lesbian Identity Development

Four Stages
1. First Awareness
2. Testing and Exploration
3. Identity Acceptance
4. Identity Integration

First Time In Ingrid
Osipow 4 types of theories of career choice and development
Developmental Approach
-- Vocational Identity Theory (Tiedeman)
-- Super's Theory

Trait-Oriented Approaches
-- Parson's
-- Holland's

Reinforcement-Based Approach
-- Social Learning Theory (Krumboltz's)

Personality Approach
-- Roe's Theory
Cross's Model of Black Identity

Four Stage
1. Pre-Encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion-Emersion
4. Internalization

Please Eat In Indiana
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue

Minority Identity Model

Stages
1. Conformity
2. Dissonance
3. Resistance and Immersion
4. Introspection
5. Synergistic articulation and awareness

Coloreds Dare Racists In Song
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
--Stage 1: Disobedience and Punishment Orientation
-- Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

Level II: Conventional Morality
-- Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
-- Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

Level III: Post-Conventional Morality
-- Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
-- Stage 6:Universal Principles

Do It Good Man at Slippery U
Theories of Career Development:

-Dawis and Lofquist
-Super
-Holland
-Tiedeman and O'Hara
Dawis and Lofquist Work Adjustment Theory: focus on correspondence between individual and work environment
correspondence desirable and occurs when person and work environment fill each others needs

Super's Life Span/Life Space Theory: emphasizes role of self-concept. how vocational self-concept is related to life stage development

Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice: match between personality and characteristics of the job

Tiedeman and O'Hara's Theory of Career Development: decision making crucial element of career development. 2 stages (anticipation and implemention). helping people be aware of factors that contribute to decisions at each stage
Troiden: Homosexual Identity Development

Stages:
•Stage 1: sensitization; feeling different
o Middle childhood – feels different from peers

•Stage 2: self-recognition; identity confusion
o Onset of puberty – realizes attraction to people of the same sex and attributes feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil and confusion

•Stage 3: identity assumption
o Become more certain of homosexuality and may deal in a variety of ways
o Pass as heterosexual, align with homosexual community, or act consistent with society’s stereotypes about homosexuality

•Stage 4: commitment; identity integration
o Adopted a homosexual way of life and publicly disclose their homosexuality

Seeing Self Is Common
Baumbartner's phases of incorporation a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS into one's identity:
1. Diagnosis
2. Post-Diagnosis Turning Point
3. Immersion
4. post-Immersion Turning Point
5. Integration (Considered last stage)
6. Disclosure (Occurs throughout)

Don't Pass Identity Past Igor
Driver's Career Concepts
1. Steady State
2. Linear
3. Spiral
4. Transitory

Dimensions:
1. frequency of job change
2. direction of change
3. Type of change
Research Designs:

Solomon four-group

Counterbalanced
Solomon four-group: combines pretest-posttest control group design: evaluates effects of pretesting on internal and external validity

Counterbalanced: within-subjects designs that help control order or practice effects by administering the levels of the independent variable to different subjects in a different order
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
1. Trust vs. mistrust (infant)
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddler)
3. Initiative vs. guilt (early childhood)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (school age)
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
8. Ego integrity vs. despair (maturation/old age)
Frontal lobe damage effects:

Medial Frontal Area

Anterior Cingulate Area

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area

Orbitofrontal Area
Medial Frontal: akinesia, mutism, and weakness and loss of sensation in the lower extremities

Anterior Cingulate Area: apathy and paucity of speech and movement

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area: impaired executive functioning, slowed information processing, and mood and personality changes

Orbitofrontal Areas: pseudopsychopathhy (disinhibition and impulsive behavior), euphoria, lack of judgment and social tact, and distractibility
Statistical Tests:

T-test

ANOVA

Mann-Whitney U test

Wilcoxen Matched Pairs

Kruskal-Wallis

Scheffe
t-test: compares 2 groups

ANOVA: compare 3 or more independent groups

Mann-Whitney U test: compares 2 independent groups

Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test: compare 2 related groups

Kruskal-Wallis: nonparametric alternative to one-way ANOVA - compares 2 or more independent groups

Scheffe: post-hoc test used to compare means. Requires same assumptions as ANOVA
MMPI Scales

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0
1. hypochondriasis
2. Depression
3. Hysteria
4. Psychopathic Deviate
5. Masculinity, Femininity
6. Paranoia
7. Psychasthenia (anxiety, obsessions, compulsions)
8. Schizophrenia
9. Hypomania
10. Social Introversion

He Delivers Her Posies Mainly Pink and Purple So He Says
Dys - es

Dysarthria

Dysosmia

Dyspraxia

Dysprosody
Dysarthria: problems in articulation

Dysosmia: disorder in sense of smell

Dyspraxia: severe impairments in writing, drawaing, and other tasks requiring fine motor skills

Dysprosody: difficulty regulating rate, rhythm, pitch, loudness of speech. characteristic of Broca's aphasia and other nonfluent aphasias.
STDs

Genital Herpes

Candidiasis

Trichomoniasis

Genital Warts
Genital Herpes: caused by a herpes virus. blisters on or near genitals, painful urination, burning or tingling, headache, fatigue, chills, fever, and flu-like symptoms

Candidiasis: yeast infection. itching and burning; vulvovaginal pain, irritation, and inflamation; thick vaginal discharge

Trichomoniasis: parasitic infection in both men and women, often along with other STDs. women: yellow-green or gray discharge, volvovaginal itching and discomfort, painful and frequent urination, and discomfort during sex. Men: usually asymptomatic, but may have pale white discharge and painful or difficult urination.

Genital Warts: caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Warts are red, pink, white, or grey and soft, flat, and irregularly shaped. When irritated, may become painful; as they increase in size they may bleed, itch, and produce discharge
Berry's Bidirectional Acculturation Model

4 categories
1. integration: maintains own culture and adopts aspects of dominant culture

2. assimilation: accepts dominant culture while relinquishing own

3. separation: withdraws from dominant culture and accepts own.

4. marginalization: does not identify with own or dominant culture

It Assumes Separate Meetings
MMPI:

1. random selection of T/F
2. answers true to all questions
3. malingering
1. produces high scores on most clinical scales and high F-scale score

2. equal number of clinical scales will have low and high scores

3. sawtooth pattern
Correlation for IQ scores

Identical twins reared together
Identical twins reared apart
Fraternal twins reared together
Biological siblings reared together
Biological siblings reared apart
Biological parent and child (together)
Biological parent and child (apart)
Adoptive parent and child
Identical twins reared together = .85
Identical twins reared apart = .67
Fraternal twins reared together = .58
Biological siblings reared together = .45
Biological siblings reared apart = .24
Biological parent and child (together) = .39
Biological parent and child (apart) = .22
Adoptive parent and child = .18
Theories of Leadership:

Contingency Theory

Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model

Graen's Leader-Member Exchange Model

House's Path-Goal Theory

Vroom, Yetton, and Jago's Leader-Participation Model
Contingency Theory: Fiedler (1967): interaction between leader’s style and favorableness of situation. High LPC and Low LPC

Hersey and Blachard's Situational Leadership Model: 4 leadership styles:
Telling: high task, low relationship style
Selling: high task, high relationship style
Participating: low task, high relationship style
Delegating: low task, low relationship style

Graen's Leader-Member Exchange Model: also called LMX or Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory, describes how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members.

House's Path-Goal Theory: carve a path for subordinates that allows them to fulfill personal goals thru achievement of group and organizational goals

Vroom, Yetton, and Jago's Leader-Participation Model:
•5 basic decision strategies
--AI (Autocratic): leader makes decisions alone
--AII (Autocratic): leader seeks input from employees but makes final decision
--CI (Consultative): leader explains problem to employees on 1 to 1 basis, but decision may or may not reflect input
--CII (Consultative): leader explains problem to employees as a group, but decision may or may not reflect input
--G (Group): leader explains problem to employees as a group, and the group makes final decision
•Decision tree provided with the model to choose optimal strategy
Statistical Formulas:

98% Confidence Interval = ?
98% ConfidenceInterval = StandardError * 1.96
Depression Theories:

Bandura's Self-Efficacy Model

Rehm's Self-Control Theory

Seligman's Learned Helplessness Model
Bandura's Self-Efficacy Model: depression and other undesirable or maladaptive behaviors are due to a low sense of self-efficacy

Rehm's Self-Control Theory: selectively attend to negative events and to the immediate consequences of their behavior; make inaccurate internal attributions about their behaviors; and have low rates of self-reinforcement

Seligman's Learned Helplessness Model: prior exposure to uncontrollable negative events, which leads to a sense of helplessness
Schizophrenia:

For Diagnosis:

Subtypes:
1. Paranoid:
2. Disorganized:
3. Catatonic:
4. Unidifferentiated
5. Residual
For diagnosis:
1.Continuous disturbance of 6 months or more
2.1 month of 2 or more active-phase symptoms
3. Requires evidence of impairment in one or more major areas of functioning


Subtypes:
1. Paranoid:
-Strongest familial link

2. Disorganized:
- Disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect
- Delusions and hallucinations, if present, are fragmentary and not organized around a coherent theme

3. Catatonic:
• include at least 2 of the following
- Motoric immobility
- Excessive motor activity
- Extreme negativism or mutism
- Peculiarities in voluntary movement
- Echolalia or echopraxia

4. Unidifferentiated
- Symptoms do not meet the criteria for a more specific subtype

5. Residual
- Not currently exhibiting prominent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or disorganized behavior but has had such symptoms in the past and continues to display negative and/or attenuated positive symptoms
Research techniques:

Cluster Analysis

Multitrait-multimethod matrix

Discriminant Function Analysis

Structural Equation Modeling
Cluster Analysis: identifies homogeneous groups from a collection of observations

Multitrait-multimethod matrix: evaluates convergent and divergent validity

Discriminant Function Analysis: classify people into criterion groups based on their scores or status on 2 or more predictors

Structural Equation Modeling: explores or confirms hypothesized relationships between both measured and latent variables
Therapies:

Solution-Focused Therapy

Reality Therapy (Glasser)

Motivational Interviewing

Interpersonal Therapy

Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers)

Gestalt Therapy (Perls)

Analytical Psychotherapy (Jung)
Solution-Focused Therapy: Miracle, scaling, and exception question

Reality Therapy (Glasser): Success and Failure Identity

Motivational Interviewing: OARS - open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summary statements

Interpersonal Therapy: unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits

Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers): unconditional positive regard, genuineness

Gestalt Therapy (Perls): self and self-image; boundary disturbances (introjection, projection, retroflection, confluence)

Analytical Psychotherapy (Jung): four stages (confession, elucidation, education, and transformation) to help achieve individuation and self-realization
More Therapies

Rational Emotive Therapy

Object-Relations Therapy

Individual Therapy (Adler)
Rational Emotive Therapy: REBT. ABC's

Object-Relations Therapy: Intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. projective identification with family members. Uses interpreting transferences, resistances, and other factors to foster insight

Individual Therapy (Adler): motivated primarily by the need to belong. misdirected to attention, power, revenge, or to display inadequacy. Style of Life.
Intelligence

Sternberg's Triarchic Model

Gardner's Intelligences

Perkins

Cattell and Horn
Sternberg's Triarchic Model: 3 components: componential, experiential, and practical

Gardner's Intelligences: Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

Perkins: neural, experiential, and reflective

Cattell and Horn: fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and visual-spatial reasoning.
More Stats:

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

Survival Analysis

Q-technique

Cluster Analysis
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): evaluate causal (predictive influences of multiple latent factors

Survival Analysis: assess the length of time to the occurrence of a critical event

Q-technique: determine for a sample of people how many types the sample represents

Cluster Analysis: identify natural grouping among a collection of observations
Piaget Moral Development
< 6: premoral stage and exhibit little concern for rules

7-10: heteronomous morality – believe rules are set by authority figures and are unalterable
--Consider whether a rule has been violated and what the consequences of the act are – the greater the negative, the worse the act

Beginning 11: autonomous morality (morality of cooperation) – view rules as arbitrary and as being alterable when the people who are governed by them agree to change them.
-- Focus more on the intention of the actor than on the act’s consequences
precentral gyrus versus postcentral gyrus
Precentral Gyrus is bounded in front by the precentral sulcus and behind by the central sulcus. It serves as the primary motor region of the cerebral cortex also organized in a somatotropic fashion.

Postcentral Gyrus lies nearly parallel to the precentral gyrus. It serves as the primary somesthetic cortex, in which general sensory projections are represented in a characteristic somatotropic pattern.
Bootstrapping:

Semantic

Prosodic

Syntactic

Morphological
Semantic: use meaning of words to infer syntactical category

Prosodic: using prosody to make deductions about syntax

Syntactic: uses syntactical info to make deductions about word's meaning

Morphological: using morphemes to deduce meaning of a word
Family Therapy Folks:

Ackerman

Whitaker

Kempler

Liberman
Ackerman: integrated psychoanalytic approach with systems approach to assess and treat families

Whitaker: applied experiential (humanistic) principles to family therapy

Kempler: integrated Gestalt therapy with family therapy

Liberman: major figure in behavioral family therapy
Kohlberg's Cognitive Theory, Gender Identity Development: Three Stages
1. Identity (Age 3)
2. Stability
3. Constancy (Age 7)
Kurt Lewin process of organizational change (force field analysis) 3 stages
1. unfreezing
2. changing
3. refreezing
Validities:

Content Validity

Construct Validity

Criterion-Related Validity

Concurrent Validity

Predictive Validity

Empirical Validity
Content Validity: adequately samples the content or behavior domain designed to measure - relies on judgment of subject matter experts

Construct Validity: measures the hypothetical trait it is intended to measure (convergent and discriminant validity)

Criterion-Related Validity: draws conclusions about an examinee's likely standing or performance on another measure

Concurrent Validity: criterion data are collected prior to or at the same time as data on the predictor

Predictive Validity: criterion is measured some time after the predictor

Empirical Validity: describes how closely scores on a test correspond (correlate) with behaviour as measured in other contexts.
Katz

Gender Identity Development (4 milestones)
1. Gender Labeling
2. Gender Constancy
3. Sexual Gender (Puberty)
4. Reproductive Gender (Adulthood)