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45 Cards in this Set
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Lamb diarrhoea
Cryptosporidiosis Coccidiosis |
Second half of lambing period. 3-7d. Profuse yellow/green diarrhoea wtih some mucus. Dull, tucked up. Rapid dehydration, death. OOcyts. PM. 150-200mls oral rehydration solution 4-6 times a day.
From ewes. 4-8 weeks old. Rapid weight loss, tucked up. Dull. Straining, small quantity of yellow diarrhoea. Mucus, flecks of blood.Decoquinate and diclazuril treatment and prophylaxis. |
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Castration
Vasectomy |
Rubber ring <7 days.
Older - grasp base of scrotum and remove with single cut. Grasp within tunics and remove with traction. Local or GA (xylazine and ketamine). Vacc with multivalent clostridial vaccines (prevent tetanus). ABs and analgesia - Flunixin/meloxicam under cascade. Teaser rams. Put on hindquarters or dorsal following sedation with xylazine and local anaesthesia or lumbosacral. SC in incision site over spermatic cord. Incise at level of accessory teats. Spermatic cord exteriorised after blunt dissection. Vas deferens - ligate twice and section submitted for histology. During closure, ends incorporated into different layers. Interrupted mattress sutures. |
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Disbudding goat kids
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Larger area of horn bud compared to calves and grows rapidly. So <7d ideal. Saffan or propofol GA. 1ml lignocine per kid to prevent toxicity. Dilute with 1ml sterile water so 0.5ml per nerve. Cornual branches of lacrimal and infraorbital nerves. Red hot iron briefly to skull (very thin - brain damage if left too long).
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Johne's - Paratuberculosis
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Progressive WL, wool-shedding. Reported in animals <1yo. Faeces remains as firm pellets but diarrhoea in advanced. Fatal.
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Ocular diseases
Ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) Listeria (as cattle) Bright blindness |
More severe in ewes than lambs. Mycoplasma conjunctivae, Chlamydia psittaci, secondary staph aureus. Stage 1 - tear staining, stage 2 - cloudy keratitis, irritant, stage 3 - mucopurulent, shallow ulceration. Stage 4 - blind, ulceration, blind. Close contact. Winter/summer. Swabs, conjunctival scrapings. LA oxytet. Lambs - topical, im in outbreak. Isolate affected.
Bracken. Hyperreflective retina. Bilateral blindness >2yo. 3-4 yo highest incidence. |
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Urolithiasis
Bacillary haemoglobinuria |
Intensively reared entire males with wrong rations. Struvite calculi - high phosphate and magnesium concentrate. Tail swishing, foot stomping, wide stance, dog-sit, straining, not continuous flow. Urine may leak across bladder wall. Oedema of prepuce, scrotum, can slough. Prlonged urethral obstruction can lead to hydronephrosis. Most likely in vermiform appendage. Could be at sigmoid flexure. Urine acidifiers ammonium chloride added. Sodium chloride to increase water intake.
Red water. Sudden death 12-24h. Toxins of clostridia haemolyticum. C. novyi type D. Liver flukes migration. Arched back, febrile, rectal bleeding, bloody faeces. No treatment,. Vaccinate to control. |
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Copper poisoning
Lead |
Liver's lysosomal storage exceeded. Lowland breeds more susceptible. Acute more likely in sheep. Ataxia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria. Antiinflammatories, antibiotics, IVFT. Molybdenum.
Chronic poisoning more common. Fits, anorexia, constipation, WL, recumbency, death. Poor repro performance. Stiff, posterior paralysis in lambs |
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Copper deficiency
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Swayback - pregnant ewes in mid-late gestation deficient. Congenital - still births/weak lambs, ataxia, stagger, BAR. Delayed - 2-8 weeks old - less severe neuro signs.
Depigmentation, defective keratinisation (loss of crimp), bone defects, susceptible to infection. Highly susceptible to copper poisoning so care with tx. |
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Ovine pregnancy toxaemia (Twin lamb disease)
Predisposition CS Dx Tx |
Last month of pregnancy. Rapid growth of foetus in late pregnancy - marked increase in glucose requirements.
LAst month gestation, 2 or more lambs, prolonged energy shortage, poor BCS, older ewes, stress Isolation, dull, depressed. Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy (apparent blindness, head press, star gaze). Depression, recumbency, high mortality. CS, hx, serum BOHB >3mmol/l. Fatty infiltration of liver on PM. Response poor. 50-70% mortality. 160ml oral electrolyte and glucose or 50ml propylene glycol 4 times a day. 100ml 40% glucose iv and calcium. TLC. Induce parturition. Caesarian. |
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Ovine hypocalcaemia (lambing sickness)
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Late pregnancy (last 6 weeks) or early lactation. More common in older sheep. Related to stress.
CS - muscular paralysis, similar to cow. PAnt, reflux of ruminal contents down nose. Dx - CS, Hx, response to tx. Tx for 70kg ewe - 20-40ml warm 40% calcium borogluconate slow iv, 50-100 ml sc. Control and px - Feed diet with adequate but not excessive ca. 5-10g per ewe per day. Avoid stress. |
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Ovine hypomagnesaemia
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After lambing, two lambs at peak lactation (first 6 weeks after).
Convulsions, sudden death. Serum Mg <0.6mmol/l. CSF <0.4 20mls warm Ca borogluconate and magnesium solution iv and 50mls warm MgS sc. Provision of extra Mg (7g a day) - concentrates. Boluses. Reduce stress. |
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Caesarean
Vaginal prolapse Uterine prolapse |
IV ketoprofen prior. Antibiotics. Left flank. Distal paravertebral analgesia with lignocaine. Or high extradural lignocaine. Shave and scrub. 10-15 cm below transverse processes. Midway between wing of ilium and last rib. 15 cm incision (skin, ex and internal abdominal oblique muscle and transversus muscle. Left horn - incise starting 6-8 cm from tip of horn and extend toward the cervix with scissors. 7 metric catgut connell suture. Peritoneum and transverse abdominal muscles closed with continuous suture. Int and external continuous suture. Skin interrupted horizontal mattress sutures of 6 metric monofilament nylon or similar.
Harness if detected early. Sacrococcygeal extradural injection. Xylazine and lignocaine. Buhner suture - 5mm nylon tape. Penicillin 3-5 days after. Don't penetrate mucosa. Extradural anaesthesia. Clean, remove FMs, start with the body then work to the tip. Fully invert. Penicillin 3-5 days im. |
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How can you measure if nutrition 6 weeks before lambing is good enough?
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Beta hydroxy-butyrate levels. Target <1.0mmol/l (1.6 - severe energy underfeeding likely to develop preg tox later on, >3 - pregnancy toxaemia.)
Body condition and blood test 4-5 weeks before lambing. Avoid ewe lambs and gimmers (singletons). Test twins and triplets. BUN - short-term protein intake (make sure hasn't eaten concentrates in past 4 hours). Albumin - drop in last month of gestation as Igs manufactured, low levels of A could indicate fasciolosis. Record lamb birthweights and condition score ewes to see if has worked. Mid pregnancy - placental development - if nutrition inadequate then poor lamb growth. Poor nutrition in last 6 weeks - poor brown fat. |
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When should ewes be vaccinated for clostridial disease?
How much colostrum does an average lamb need in first 24 hours? Causes of perinatal mortality Hypothermia |
4 weeks before lambing.
1 litre. 50 ml/kg in first hour. Undernutrition - dytocia, weak lamb (infectious), triplets, poor colostrum, maternal nutrition. Primary hypothermia, inherited abnormalities, iodine deficiency, selenium deficiency, predation, non-specific bacteraemias, watery mouth, specific bacteraemias. 39-40 - normal. 37-39 - weak, still suckling. <37 - weak, depressed, hollow flanks, unable to suckle, recumbent, coma, death. Moderate - dry, colostrum, shelter Severe - under 5h old - dry, warm to >37, colostrum 50ml/kg, warm to 39, return to ewe. Over 5h - intraperitoneal glucose (1 inch to side of navel then 1 inch below, inject towards tail) 20% 10ml/kg, dry, warm >37, colostrum 50ml/kg, warm to 39, return to ewe. |
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Diseases of lambs: birth to weaning
Watery mouth Neonatal enteritis |
1-3 do. Lethargy, salivation, abdo distension, hypothermia, prominent scleral vessels. Triplets more likely. Indoor lambing more likely. Follows reduced or delayed colostrum intake. Generalised endotoxaemia (E.coli - when die release endotoxin).
IV flunixin, oral dextrose electrolyte solutions, enema of metoclopramide, broad spec ABs. Prophylaxis of oral aminoglycoside antibiotics all lambs within 15 minutes of birth. Rotavirus/coronavirus - first week. Villous atrophy. Decreased absorption, increased secretion. Cryptosporidiosis - C. parvum - zoonotic. Villous atrophy. Doesn't work alone - stress or high contam. Acute pale green watery blood stained diarrhoea. 2-20d. Oral FT, clean. Lamb dysentery Salmonelosis - Rare. Severe intestinal inflam. Destroys absorptive, stimulates secretion. Bacteraemia. Depression, green/brown d, dysp, death. FT, AB, flunixin. Enterotoxigenic E.coli - K99 - stable toxin - severe watery brown d <48h. Die unless FT. Hygiene, vacc. |
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Diseases of lambs: birth to weaning
Non-specific bacteraemias Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Liver abscessation Iodine deficiency (White muscle disease) |
E.coli, P. haemolytica, P. multocida, A. pyogenes, Staph, Strep.
Meningitis - 2-4 wo. Isolate, episcleral congestion, fail to suck, altered gait, depression, stupor, opisthotonus. Joint ill - 5 days old+. Polyarthritis. Lame, pain, heat, fluctuating swelling, ill thrift. Pus, articular surfaces eroded. Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Navel ill - Omphalophlebitis - hunched, hollow, poor suck. Moist, purulent navel. Pain on palpation if along round ligament of bladder or falciform ligament of liver. Joint ill. Fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis. Early high dose penicillin. Vacc ewes 4-6 weeks in first year and booster 4 weeks before lambing. F necrophorum - white spot. Can spread to joints and lungs. Goitre in newborns. Pot belly, lack of crimp. Thermoregulation. Thyroid 0.4g/kg bw. Inject ewes before mating. |
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Diseases of older lambs and adult sheep
Mastitis Coccidiosis Urolithiasis Ocular diseases (see above) |
Staph aureus or Pasteurella haemolytica. Poor tx success when purple. Slough, flystrike. Less severe - AB and AI but cull later. Prevention - avoid low milk production so high protein, good BCS last trimester. Orf vaccine. Check udders before mating.
E. crandalis and E. ovinoidalis - 4-8wo and older naive. Acute onset diarrhoea, dull, anorexic, dehydrated, WL. Epithelial erosion. Shed in faeces. Oocysts in faeces (but may not be causing disease). Sulphonamide drugs to flock, avoid intense grazing. Decoquinate in feed though doesn't build immunity. Diclazuril preventative. High mortality, ill thrift. Vermiform appendage and sigmoid flexure. Intensive concentrate feeding. Calcium-magnesium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi. Cereal diets. Don't feed ewe rations to wethers (high Mg). Anorexia, straining, dribble, swelling. Amputation of urethral process, pelvic urethrotomy, poor prognosis - hydronephrosis. Acidification - ammonium chloride. |
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Tick-transmitted diseases (Ixodes ricinus)
Tick-borne fever Louping ill Tick pyaemia (Q fever - coxiella bunetti abortion and babesiosis - red water) |
Erlichia phagocytophilia. Lowers immune system. Fever, intracellular infection of WBCs. Carriers - relapse. Spermatogenesis in rams affected. Pregnant may abort. Potentiates other diseases. New born lambs and brought in pregnant ewes most risk. Pour on flumethrin to newborn lambs on hill. Long acting oxytet.
diffuse non-suppurative meningoencephalitis. Flavivirus. Transient ataxia, sudden death. Incordination to recumbency, coma, death. Torticolis/posterior paralysis in non-fatal. Older immune. Colostrum immunity. More severe with TBF - 100% mortality. Dysentery. Brain isolation. ELISA on serum. Control - vacc (autumn or spring) and tick control. New sheep vacc 28 d before onto pasture. Zoonotic. Bacteraemia and joint ill. Injection of staph aureus into joint by feeding I. ricinus. Potentiated by TBF. Spinal abscesses - posterior paresis. Abscessation of internal organs. |
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Sudden death in lambs
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Lamb dysentery, nematodirus, coccidiosis, tetanus, pulpy kidney, Clostridium sordelli abomasitis, acute haemonchosis, redgut, nitrate poisoning, black disease, acute liver fluke, systemic pasteurellosis, grain overload.
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Clostridial diseases
Enterotoxaemias due to clostridium perfringens Lamb dysentery Pulpy kidney Struck Prevention |
Anaerobic spore forming bacteria found in soil, faeces
In healthy animals, balance between multiplication and passage into faeces - disrupted with sudden change of diet or gut stasis. Type B - peracute fatal disease of lambs. <2wo. Strong singles. Acute abdo pain, die within 4h. Semi-fluid faeces and blood stained but may show no signs. Type D - Common usually fatal. 4-10wo, 6m-1yo. Change in diet. Ataxia, recumbent, opisthotonus, convulsions, death. Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia and diarrhoea. Type C - Rare. Adults. Enteritis, peritonitis, sudden death. Vaccination. 2 inj 4-6w apart when enter breeding flock, annual booster 6w before lambing. First dose to lambs at 8-12wo. Second booster 4 weeks later. Good hygiene. |
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Blackleg
Black disease |
Clostridium chauvoei spores - docking, castration, shearing, injections under dirty conditions, root crops, poor lambing hygiene.
Limbs - stiff, sc oedema, gas. Parturition - erosion of vulval mucosa, oedema, dark red gassy necrosis. Blackquarter mastitis before lambing, uterus oedematous. Head - rams - face swells. Recumbency, coma, death. Histopath, FAbT. Control - multivalent vaccine. Penicillin at docking? Clostridium novyi type B - can pass through intestinal wall and lodge as spores in liver. Liver fluke migrate through - necrotic debris - multiplication. Sudden death. Black carcase. Liver dark, pale areas of necrosis, fluke. Large G+ve rods. Vaccination. |
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Tetanus
Others |
Fatal parlyzing disease of all species caused by neurotoxin. Clostridium tetani. Docking. Reaches brain via peripheral nerves. Sustained spasm, rigidity. Can't swallow/eructate. Saw horse. Destroy. Early - antitoxin, antibiotics and anti-inflam. Vaccination.
Braxy - hogs eating frosted turnips. Clostridium septicum. Malignant oedema Clostridium sordellii - abomasitis - 3-10 wo creep-fed. Bloated, death. Botulism - Big bale silage. Clostridium botulism type C and D. Poultry litter on grazing fields. No tx. Bacillary haemoglobinuria - Clostridium novyi type B |
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Ill thrift in weaned lambs
How to investigate Cobalt deficiency |
Poor nutrition, parasitic GE, cobalt deficiency, selenium deficiency, liver fluke, resp disease, lameness, sheep scab, coccidiosis, Border disease
Hx (flock, not just ill), CE, Faecal samples, serum and blood samples for vit B12 and glutathione peroxidase assays. Malnourished more susceptible to trace element deficiencies. Pregnant ewes - poor repro performance, poor milk, high mortality rates. CS - Ill thrift in lambs. Empty, pot bellied, depressed. Conjunctivitis. Pale, anaemic. Fatty liver. Needed for making vit B12 (lliver for use of propionic acid - poor use -> reduced DMI. Conc in milk high. Pasture levels vary throughout year. Summer/newborn of deficient ewes. Dx - Poor clover growth, low soil cobalt (igneous rocks), lowest when pasture growth best. Higher conc in waterlogged pasture. Fatty liver, dose response trial. Blood vit B12 reflects diet intake, liver B12 - storage. Supplementation Short term - drench, pasture, vit B12 inj Long term - bullets, pasture |
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Selenium and vitamin E deficiency - white muscle disease
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Antioxidant - protects cell membranes from RAS
Soil- good indicator Animal - good indicator Blood glutathione peroxidase levels - long term status Oral dosing, sc, intraruminal pellets White muscle disease - necrotic white areas of myocardium. Infertility. Supplementation trials |
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Oestrus manipulation of sheep and goats
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Polyoestrus short day breeders - melatonin. Peak fertility october/november.
Oestrus cycle 16-17 ewe (19-20 doe). Luteal phase 13-14d, follicular phase 3-4 days (oestrus behaviour, LH surge and ovulation). Anoestrus - Dec-mid June Transition (mid June - mid september) Breeding season (sept - mid december) Teaser effect used in transition period. Ovulate in 2-3 days. Rams replace no later than 2 weeks after introduced. 1 per 20-30. Progestagen sponges - 12-14 days. When removed, oestrus. PMSG im. Introduce rams 36-40 hours after. Remove after 48 hours. Return to ewes 2 weeks later. Compact lambing period over 3-3 1/2 weeks. (Goats - 18-21 days). Melatonin - Regulin implant. Base of ear. Remove rams day 1. Implant day 7. Day 42 introduce rams. (Can have teasers before). Increase repro output, increase conception rates to first mating, 1 per 40 ewes. PGF2a - synch sexually active ewes. 2 injections (9-11d). Induces does. Induce -betamethasone ewe/doe (26-60h). |
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Abortion
Chlamydial abortion (Enzootic abortion of ewes) Toxoplasmosis |
Levels <2% likely to be non-infectious - pregnancy toxaemia, poor nutrition, stress, poisoning, drugs.
Chlamydophila abortus - infectious extracellular stage, non-infective intracellular. LAst 2-3 weeks gestation. Necrotic foetal membranes, thickened intercotyledonary areas. Stillborn or weakly lambs. Placentitis. Elementary bodies. Modified ZN - clusters of red bodies against blue background. Paired serology. 2-4 weeks apart. Control - isolate, ewe lambs from aborted females may harbour so don't keep. Treatment LA oxytet in face of outbreak or before lambing. Enzovax 4 weeks before - no effect on latent. Toxoplasma gondii - cats eating mice, shed in faeces. Abortions or stillbirths, some with mummified. Resorption if early. Necrotic cotyledons, speckled white necrotic foci. Strawberrys. Serology. Indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect antibodies in foetal fluid. Control - Rodent and cat control. Coccidiostat or vaccination. |
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Abortion 2
Salmonellosis Campylobacteriosis Border disease Listeriosis Other causes |
S. typhimurium, S. Dublin. May include systemic and enteric signs as well as abortion. Last 6 weeks gestation. Sick, pyrexic, scour, may die of septicaemia. Foetus and placenta severely autolysed with necrotic membranes. Direct smears. Culture on desoxycholate citrate agar. Zoonotic. LA oxytet to rest of flock. Isolate.
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus and C. jejuni. Last 6 weeks. Stain with ZN. Comma shaped bacteria. Good immunity. GE in humans. Pestivirus (like BVD). <60 days gestation - resorption, some survive to become hairy shakers (PI). 60-85 days - normal or CNS deficits. >85d - normal with antibodies. Sheep to sheep contact. Encephalitis, abortion and septicaemia. L ivanovii and L. monocytogenes. Poorly made silage. Third trimester. Isolate organism. E. coli, TBF, Q fever, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Yersinia pseudo tuberculosis, A. pyogenes. |
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Nervous disease of older sheep
Polioencephalomalacia CCN (Sulphur toxicity shows same signs) Brain abscesses Listeriosis |
Weaned lambs and older sheep. Blindness, depression, dorsiflexion of neck, seizures, opisthotonus. 2 weeks after movement to new pasture. or other diet change. Ptosis, drooped ear. Death in 3-5 days. Bright white autofluorescence - Lipofuchsin in macrophages. Vacuolation. Respond to thiamine. Dexamethasone to reduce oedema?
Lambs/calves 3-6 mo. One cerebral hemisphere - contralateral blindness and proprioceptive deficits but normal PLR. Depression. Compulsive circling. CSF - increased protein and white cell conc. Winter/spring. Silage. L. monocytogenes. 10days after feeding poor silage. Septicaemia (young ruminants before rumen - focal hepatic necrosis), abortion, latent infection. Intestine, medulla, placenta, encephalitis (ascends trigeminal nerve - CNs, depression, circling, hemiparesis - gimmers with erupting teeth). Facial paralysis. Penicillin high dose. Zoonotic. |
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Nervous diseases continued
Vestibular lesions Sarcocystis Cerebellar abiotrophy Scrapie Visna |
Otitis media growing lambs. Head tilt towards affected side, circling, facial nerve paralysis. Pasteruella, streptococcus and Trueperella - procaine penicillin.
6-12 months. Pelvic limb ataxia and paresis. Dog sit. Some die, some recover. Histological lesions in CNS. Diclazuril expensive and often ineffective. 3-4 mo Charollais lambs and Holstein calves. Lowered head, intention tremors, wide-based stance, ataxia, preservation of strength. Purkinje cell degeneration of cerebellum. Inherited. Notifiable. 4 yo. Poor fleece, wool loss over flanks and tail head - rubbing. Hyperpigmentation. Nibble reflex. Cerebellar dysfunction - gait abnormalities, pelvic limb ataxia. Brain form - head tilt, circling, ataxia. Spinal - unilateral pelvic limb concious proprioceptive deficit progressing to paralysis. Knuckling. |
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CSF collection
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Sternal, hips flexed, pelvic limbs extended. Midpoint of lumbosacral space. Midline depression between last palpable dorsal lumbar spine (L6) and first palpable sacral dorsal spine (S2). Clip and surgically prepare. 1-2 ml local SC. Right angle. Pop. CSF should well up. 1-2 mls enough. Anchor firmly!
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Respiratory disease
Neonate Growing lamb acute Chronic Adults acute Chronic Beware |
Septicaemic pasteurellosis, fractured ribs, congenital heart defect, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, inhalation pneumonia, anaemia, nutritional myopathy.
Acute pasteurellosis/viral infection, inhalation pneumonia (drenching), nutritional myopathy, phenolic dip aspiration Chronic pasteurellosis/pleurisy, atypical pneumonia, parasitic bronchitis, oestrus ovis (nasal bot fly) Acute pasteurellosis/viral infection, phenolic dip aspiration, laryngeal chondritis Chronic - Maedi, sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, chronic pasteurellosis/pleurisy, chronic nasal obstruction (nasal bot/nasal tumour) Abdominal breathing and harsh lung sounds are normal!! |
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PI3
Adenovirus Pasteurellosis Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella trehalosi |
Most subclinical or mild but acute outbreaks can occur. Predisposes to Mannheimia haemolytica. Vaccine?
Common in young lambs, can also cause enteritis Septicaemia in young lambs, pneumonia in growing, mastitis in ewes. Hyperacute - sudden death. Acute - dull, dyspnoea, discharges, frothy fluid. Sub-acute/chronic - milder, ill thrift. Outbreaks in May-July. PM- Ecchymotic haemorrhages over throat and ribs, pink froth. Septicaemic - sudden death lambs <12wo. Depressed, injected mm, dyspnoea. Pleurisy and perocarditis, petichiae. Diagnosis - swabs, PM. Stress, wet weather, extreme temperatures can trigger. Oxytet. Vaccine. Pasteurella trehalosi septicaemia in 6-12 mo. Sudden death. July - Dec. Depressed, dyspnoeic, recumbent, froth at mouth. Haemorrhages. Isolate from lung, liver and spleen. Diet change - erosions in gut allow entry? Oxytet, vaccination. |
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Atypical pneumonia
Parasitic bronchitis Chronic suppurative pneumonia |
Housed sheep <1yo. Non-progressive chronic pneumonia. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci. Chronic soft cough, mucopus. Dull, tachypn. Secondary pasteurellosis in some. PM - re-brown or grey consolidation and collapsed. Oxytet.
Dictyocaulus filaria - coughing, WL late autumn, early winter, may get secondary pasteurellosis (faeces/bronchi cycle). Muellerius capillaris - common but no clinical significance (snail host) - green/grey subpleural nodules. L1 Baermann technique. All anthelmintics work. After pneumonic pasteurellosis. Walled off abscesses. M. haemolytica, A. pyogenes, Pasteurella multocida, E. coli. WL, ill thrift. dyspnoea, muffled heart sounds. May not have any resp signs! 4 weeks procaine penicillin, drain abscesses? |
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Jaagsiekte/Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis/OPA
Maedi |
Lentivirus. Herpes virus also. 2-4 yo or yearling lambs of infected dams. Loss of condition, ex intol, serous nasal discharge, mouth breathing, appetite OK early. Then dyspnoea, tachypnoea, increased abdominal effort, fluid gathers in resp tract, soft cough, fluid sounds. Secondary infection with M. haemolytica - death. Tumours solid grey, >2kg, frothy fluid. US - severe ventral consolidation. Respiratory aerosol spread.
Lentivirus. Resp disease. (Visna - neuro), mastitis and arthritis (USA). >3yo. Ex intollerance. Neck extended, effort. Mouth breathe, cyanosis, collapse. Bright. See previous for visna. Mastitis - flabby udder, diffuse hardening. Lungs firm, rubbery and heavy. ELISA. Via milk. No vaccines. Test and cull schemes. |
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Worms
FWECs - Low, medium, high Aim of effective nematode parasite control Safe grazing What is a major source of summer pasture contamination? Should lambs be wormed before weaning? Predominant parasite in summer? Dosing? Autumn? Dosing? Meat withdrawal for moxidectin |
<250, 250-800, >800
Limit exposure of susceptible lambs to significant burdens of infective larvae on pasture. Pasture that has not been grazed by sheep or goats during past 12 months. Perparturient rise (6 weeks after lambing). Safe grazing and one off treatment. If no safe grazing, treat every 3 weeks with moxidectin. If there is an N battus problem twice before weaning. At weaning, worm, wait 24 hours and move onto safe pasture. IF not available, need it throughout summer every 4 weeks. T. circumsincta. Every 7 (oral) or 11(injectable) moxidectin. T. vitrinus - 4-6 weeks. 14 oral, 70 days injectable. |
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Nematodirus control
Problems with control |
Dose lambs during May and June. Most anthelmintics effective. (Not injectable moxidectin - oral not persistent either.) So use Fenbendazole.
Overwinter survival of infective parasite larvae on pasture, failure to suppress periparturient rise in worm egg output of lactating ewes, excessive intrvals between summer wormer treatments, anthelmintic resistance. |
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Anthelmintic resistance
Diagnosis of resistance Strategies that reduce rate of resistance |
Predominantly T. circumcincta. BZ in 80% flocks. BZ and LEV resistance, 4 cases of resistance to BZ, LEV and IVM.
Drench check, FECRT, in-vitro assays, critical efficacy studies. Quarantine treatments - moxidectin, full dose combinations. Reduction in anthelmintic useage - dosing ewes, clean grazing - refugia. Dose correctly for heaviest in group Annual drench rotation Periodic use of narrow spectrum anthelmintics Prolongation of anthelmintic activity |
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Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica)
Acute Chronic Sub-acute Seasonality |
Ill thrift and deaths in ewes and lambs in wet parts of western Britain during autumn and early winter. Sheep susceptible throughout lives.
Massive liver parenchymal damage. Lethargy, palor, deaths all ages September - December. Sudden death when handled due to liver rupture. Sudden death from black disease or bacillary haemoglobinuria in unvaccinated sheep. Presence of adult flukes in bile ducts. Feb-March (sometimes summer if overwintered in snails), poor BC, anorexia, anaemia, death. Both migrating larvae and adults. Ill thrift, lethargy, dyspnoea in ewes and lambs Dec - March. Depends on effects of moisture and temperature on snail population and free-living stages. <10oC, fluke eggs don't develop and hatch and snail development halted. April - November correct temp and weather. |
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Fascioliasis
Pathology Dx Tx Control |
Acute - friable liver, mottled, haemorrhagic tracts, may be peritonitis. Anaemia if severe.
Chronic - impaired liver function and anaemia. Fibrosis. Mature flukes found in bile ducts. History, PM, fluke eggs in faeces, GLDH and GGT, ELISA. Acute - triclabendazole (early immature flukes). Safe pasture available - one dose given. Repeat at 3 week intervals if no safe pasture throughout autumn and early winter. Resistance is a problem Chronic - Any flukicide. Treat with flukicide in late spring to remove adult flukes. October to remove immature flukes. January to remove immature and adult flukes. High risk - give another dose 4-6 weeks after too. Graze in dry areas, drain. |
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Cestodes
Monezia expansa Taenia hydatigena Taeina multiceps Taenia ovis Echinococcus granulosus |
Sheep definitive hosts - forage mites. Large population in lambs 2-6 months old.
Dog definitive host. Cysticercus tenuicollis in abdomen. Common incidental finding at PM. Occassional numerus 1cm green subcapsular nodules in liver - massive infection. Dog definitive host. Coenurus cerebralis in CNS. Large fluid cysts. Circling, visual defects, gait abnormalities, paralysis. Dog definitive host. Cysticercus ovis in muscle of sheep. Dog faeces, flies may spread too. All ages of sheep. Dog/canids definitive hosts. Hydatid cysts in liver and lungs. Usually no clinical signs. Found at slaughter. Important zoonosis. |
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Sheep scab Psoroptes ovis
Flystrike Louse control |
Carrier sheep, fomites. Treat just before tupping with acaricide. Introduced animals isolated and treated.
Can survive 17d off sheep Plunge dipping - diazinon. Immersed for 1 minute, heads dipped twice. Systemic endectocides - can't use in young. 2 sc ivermectin 7 days apart. No residual protection against reinfection. Blowflies. Dead carcases and faeces, rotting material protein for blowflies. Smell of wool grease, footrot, urine and faeces attracts flies. Crutch and trim around pizzle. Plunge dip in OP every 3-8 weeks, need 3 weeks wool growth. Jetting - high pressure pump. Pour-ons over breech and rump - high cis cypermethrin 6 weeks. Insect growth regulators cyromazine 10w, dicyclanil 16w. Shearing reduces burden. Pyrethroids pour on or dip. |
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Lameness
Footrot Interdigital dermatitis Ovine digital dermatitis |
Wet/trauma to interdigital skin - Interdigital dermatitis, F.necrophorum, D. nodosus. Under-running of horn (heels, can be toe too). Advanced - recumbent, v lame, flystrike. Pare, oxytet spray. Footbath - formalin/zinc sulphate. Clean feet and dry standing afterwards. Vacc (lasts 4-6 months.). Parenteral - oxytet. Paring doesnt prevent. Breed resistant sheep? Destock for 7 days and re-stock with clean sheep to eradicate.
Scald, 1st stage in pathogenesis of footrot, septic pedal arthritis. F. necrophorum. Moist conditions. Interdigital skin inflamed and swollen, white necrotic material. May progress to erosions of ID skin, no under-run, no smell, lame. Oxytet spray. Zinc sulphate/formalin footbat then dry standing, every 5-14 days. New variant footrot. Spirochaetes. Severe lameness, high morbidity. Full thickness ulceration at coronary band, hoof wall under-run from CB. 1 cm hair loss, ulceration. Fnec and Dnod, formalin. Oxytet spray. Tylosin bath. |
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Goats
Abortion Respiratory Mastitis WL Skin diseases Hydrometra Poisoning |
Toxo - affected for life, public health risk in milk.
Enzootic - any stage of pregnancy. Pasteurellosis, caprine herpes virus, CAE, winter cough - mould spores. Similar to cattle. Staph aureus, strep uberis, E. coli Teladorsagia, fascioliasis, Johne's Caseous lymphadenitis - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Entry via cuts. Superficial LN abscesses. Rupture and spread infection. Parotid, prescapular and mandibular LNs. Cull. Aseptic fluid accumulation with CL. Abdo enlargement andudder enlargement. Reduced milk yield. Cloudburst. PGs, oxytocin Rhododendron - colic, depression, projectile vomiting. |
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Goats
Caprine arthritis encephalitis |
Lentivirus. Milk, direct contact, blood, carriers infected for life but may be symptomless.
Arthritis - Yearling-adult. Chronic progressive synovitis. Stiff, bright, gradual WL, may be grossly swollen. Encephalitis - Not in UK. Kids or adults. Pneumonia, hard udder. ELISA milk or serum. NSAIDs for arthritis. Closed herds, cull seropositives and offspring. Keep separate. Remove kids at birth. |
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Camelids
Venepuncture Vaccinations Diseases Parasites Sedation Castration |
Pets - don't need a license to keep
High neck - jugular more superficial and well separated from carotid artery. But thick skin and close to head. Low - Thinner skin, no head! More fleece and jugular and carotid close together. Clostridial diseases - C.perfringens, C. tetani, C. Sordellii. 6 month boosters. BVD - abortions, PI, ill thrift. PCR screening. Orf FMD - can be claimed in an outbreak. Less susceptible but carriers. TB - less susceptible but carriers EHV1 - blindness Bluetongue. Mange - mostly C.bovis in UK. Ivermectin. Flystrike - hairdryer, antibiotics, NSAIDs, fly cream. Camelostrongylus mentulatus. FWEC. Sheep wormers can be used (unlicensed). Liver fluke - triclabendazole. Llama mixture - Xylazine 1ml/50kg, ketamine 2ml/50kg in one syringe IM. 1 1/2 years old to allow for growth. |
