Shealy's Science Flashcards Unit 1, Ch 1

Front 1

In 1811 or 1822, a series of earthquakes hit _____ Missouri.

Back 1

New Madrid

Front 2

The earthquakes in New Madrid were so strong that they 1)____ and 2)_________.

Back 2

1)rang bells in Boston, and 2) caused the Mississippi River to run backwards

Front 3

Earthquakes are caused by ______.

Back 3

shifts in the earth's surface

Front 4

Volcanoes are formed when ___.

Back 4

shifts in the earth's surface allow molten rock to escape

Front 5

The thinnest part of the Earth's layers is the ______.

Back 5

crust

Front 6

The crust that forms the continents is approximately ___ km or _____ miles thick.

Back 6

45 km or 25 miles thick

Front 7

The crust beneath the ocean is _______ km or _____ miles thick.

Back 7

5-8 km or 2-4 miles thick

Front 8

The crust and upper area of the mantle is known as the ____.

Back 8

lithosphere

Front 9

The lithosphere is made up of large pieces called _____.

Back 9

plates

Front 10

Plates in the lithosphere float on the _____ rock in the earth's mantle.

Back 10

melted

Front 11

The idea that the earth's crust is made up of moving plates is called the ___ __ ___ _______.

Back 11

theory of plate tectonics

Front 12

Places where the earth's plates meet are called ___ ______.

Back 12

plate boundaries

Front 13

All of the earth's plates were once one piece called _____.

Back 13

Pangaea

Front 14

The circle of volcanoes that are located in a ring along the continents in the Pacific Ocean are called ___ __ _____.

Back 14

Ring of Fire

Front 15

When two surface plates push and scrape against each other, a stored energy is released, resulting in an _________.

Back 15

earthquake

Front 16

The released energy of an earthquake causes ________ in the earth's surface.

Back 16

vibrations

Front 17

________ are breaks in the earth's surface along which rocks can move.

Back 17

Faults

Front 18

Name the three kinds of faults:
1
2
3

Back 18

1)thrust or reverse fault
2)normal fault
3)strike-slip fault

Front 19

A _____ fault is when two plates collide, forcing a section of rock to move upward.

Back 19

reverse

Front 20

A _____ faults is when a section of rock falls between to separating plates.

Back 20

normal

Front 21

_______ faults usually occur at plate boundaries.

Back 21

normal

Front 22

The ____ _____ _____ is an example of a separating plate boundary (normal fault).

Back 22

Great Rift Valley

Front 23

When molten rock pushes two plates apart in the ocean, new land is formed. This is called ___ ____ _________.

Back 23

sea-floor spreading

Front 24

Is sea-floor spreading an example of evolution, or God's special way of creating our ocean floor.

Back 24

God's way of creating our ocean floor.

Front 25

A ________ fault occurs when rocks move horizontally against each other.

Back 25

strike-slip fault

Front 26

One of the most famous strike-slip faults is the ___ ___ _____ located in California.

Back 26

San Andreas Fault

Front 27

What are some other ways usually small earthquakes are formed?
1
2

Back 27

1)when large amounts of earth are moved around (during construction)
2)when molted rock in a volcano moves

Front 28

The beginning point of an earthquake is called the _____.

Back 28

focus

Front 29

Vibrations caused by earthquakes are called ___ ______.

Back 29

seismic waves

Front 30

The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called the _____.

Back 30

epicenter

Front 31

___ _____ are seismic waves that occur beneath the surface of the earth.

Back 31

body waves

Front 32

Name two types of body waves.
1)
2)

Back 32

1)P waves (primary) - move fast through solid and liquid
2)S waves (secondary) - move slowly and cannot move through liquid

Front 33

______ waves travel in a straight path in a push/pull motion.

Back 33

P waves

Front 34

______ waves move in an up/down zigzag pattern.

Back 34

S waves

Front 35

Can P waves be felt on the opposite side of the earth from the point of the focus?

Back 35

yes

Front 36

When the P and S waves make their way to the surface of the earth, they form _____ waves.

Back 36

L waves

Front 37

Name two kinds of L waves:
1
2

Back 37

1) Love waves - fast moving and zigzag
2) Rayleigh waves - move in a rolling motion like ocean waves

Front 38

A ______ is an instrument used to detect, time and measure the movements of the earth.

Back 38

seismograph

Front 39

The seismograph produces _____, which are records of the movements of the earth.

Back 39

seismograms

Front 40

Name two scales scientist use to measure the strength of earthquakes: 1 2

Back 40

1) Mercalli - measures destruction
2) Richter - measures the strength of the waves

Front 41

What type of buildings tend to be more stable?

Back 41

Buildings with a steel frame instead of steel rods is more stable.

Front 42

A giant wave created by an earthquake is called a ___.

Back 42

tsunami

Front 43

Name two events that can occur as a result of earthquakes: 1 2

Back 43

1)tsunami
2)volcanoes

Front 44

Molten rock is called ____

Back 44

Magma

Front 45

______ are scientists who study volcanoes.

Back 45

Volcanologist

Front 46

Pockets of molten rock are called ________ _______.

Back 46

magma chambers

Front 47

When magma reaches the earth's surface, it is called _____.

Back 47

lava

Front 48

An opening in a volcano that allows magma to flow to the surface is callled a ___.

Back 48

vent

Front 49

The bowl shape at the top of a main volcano vent is called a ____.

Back 49

crater

Front 50

An eruption that flows through a side vent is called a ___ ____.

Back 50

flank eruption

Front 51

What determines the explosiveness of a volcano?
1 2

Back 51

1)the mineral and
2) gas content of the magma

Front 52

The crushed rock blown out of volcanoes is called ___ ____.

Back 52

volcanic ash

Front 53

A funnel-shaped mound of volcanic ash is called a ___.

Back 53

volcanic cone

Front 54

_____ of all volcanoes occur around the Ring of Fire.

Back 54

2/3

Front 55

Underwater volcanic eruptions are called __ ___.

Back 55

submarine eruptions

Front 56

__ ____ are places where a pool of intensely hot magma rises towards the surface of the earth.

Back 56

Hot spots

Front 57

Why are volcanoes occur more often on the oceanic plates than the continental plates?

Back 57

Because the oceanic plates are thinner than the continental plates.

Front 58

What islands were formed from hot spots on the plates?

Back 58

Hawaiian Islands

Front 59

Name the two types of cone volcanoes: 1 2

Back 59

1)cinder cone
2)composite cone

Front 60

The ___ volcano is not cone shaped, but has a gradual sloping slides.

Back 60

shield volcanoes

Front 61

The ____ cone volcano resembles a hill more than a mountain.

Back 61

cinder cone volcano

Front 62

The _______ cone volcano is a large cone shaped volcano.

Back 62

composite cone volcano

Front 63

Name the three ways volcanoes are classified:
1 2 3

Back 63

1)by shape,
2)by how often they erupt, &
3)by the type of eruption

Front 64

What is the theory of hot spots?

Back 64

That volcanoes are formed from hot spots that rise to the surface of the earth.

Front 65

An ___ volcano has erupted at some point in the past and is expected to erupt again.

Back 65

active volcano

Front 66

An ___ volcano have not erupted in some time and are not expected to erupt in the future.

Back 66

dormant volcano

Front 67

An ___ volcano has not had a recorded eruption and will not erupt again.

Back 67

extinct volcano

Front 68

A volcano with a runny lava and not much cinder or ash is called a ___ ___.

Back 68

Hawaiian eruption

Front 69

A __ ____ is a flow of red-hot dust and gases.

Back 69

pyroclastic flow

pyro-clas-tic

Front 70

A volcano with a violent eruption of lava, ash and cinder is called a __ ___.

Back 70

Vulcanian eruption

Front 71

Showers bits of ash and lava are called ____.

Back 71

cinder

Front 72

The most violent of volcanoes sends hot ash and debris into the atmosphere is the __ __

Back 72

Plinian eruption

Front 73

____ is a mixture of cinders, ash and rock.

Back 73

tephra

Front 74

_____ is volcanic fog.

Back 74

vog

Front 75

How can volcanic eruptions affect weather conditions?

Back 75

1)volcanoes cause vog which causes respiratory problems,
2)volcanoes cause acid rain

Front 76

Volcanoes produce ____ rock.

Back 76

igneous rock

Front 77

Name three types of igneous rock: 1 2 3

Back 77

1)pumice
2)obsidian
3)granite

Front 78

A __ ____ is formed when a body of water is located near an underground magma pool.

Back 78

hot springs

Front 79

A ___ is a hot spring that periodically blows steam and hot water into the air.

Back 79

geyser

Front 80

What is an igneous rock?

Back 80

A rock formed from the lava of a volcano

Front 81

What are 3 non-volcanic types of eruptions:
1 2 3`

Back 81

1) hot springs
2) geysers
3) mud springs