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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Carbohydrate |
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body. |
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Nucleic Acid |
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
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Protein |
macromolecule that contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, carbon |
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Monosaccharide |
simple sugar molecule |
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Lipid |
molecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
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Nucleotide |
subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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Amino Acid |
compound with an animo group on one end of and a carboxyl groupon the other end |
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Chemical Reaction |
process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
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Reactant |
elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
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Product |
elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
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Activation Energy |
energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
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Catalyst |
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
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protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions |
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Substrate |
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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Cytoplasm |
fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
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Organelle |
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
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Vacuole |
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assempeled |
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Ribosome |
cell organelle concictiung of RNA and protein found throught the cytoplasm in a cell; te site of protein synthesis |
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Cytoskeleton |
network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement |
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Golgi Apparatus |
organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell |
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Chloroplast |
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and and converts it into chemical energy |
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Selectively Permeable |
property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot; also called semipermeable membrane |
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Mitochondria |
cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are mote convenient for the cell to use |
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Cell Wall |
strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells |
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Lipid bilayer |
flexable double layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings |
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Cilia |
short hairlike projection that produces movement |
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structure used by protists for movement; produces movement in a wavelike motion |
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Nucleolus |
The prominent structure in the nucleus is the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis. |
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Cell |
basic unit of all forms of life |
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Cell Theory (ALL 3 parts) |
all living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things: new cells are produced from existing cells |
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Eukaryote |
organism whose cells contain a nucleus |
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Nucleus |
structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
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Chromatin |
substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones |
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unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus |
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Cell Membrane |
thin, flexible barrier that surround all cells: regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
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relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain |
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Diffusion |
process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where the are less concentrated |
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Isotonic |
when the concentration of two salutions is the same |
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
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Hypertonic |
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels |
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Osmosis |
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Ask Mr Shafer |
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compound used by cells to store and release energy |
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Heterotroph |
organism that obtains food by consuming other living things: also called a consumer |
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Autotroph |
organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds: also called a producer |
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light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun's energy |
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principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
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saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts |
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the Light-independent Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar |
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set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
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set of reactions in photo synthesis that do not require light: energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle |
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finish later |
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Aerobic |
process that requires oxygen |
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Anaerobic |
process that does not require oxygen |
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Cellular Respiration |
strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells |
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first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which 1 molecule of glucose, a 6 carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. |
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second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. |
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process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
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C6H12O6 |
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Lactic Acid |
ask teacher |