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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Carbohydrate

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body.

Nucleic Acid

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Protein

macromolecule that contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, carbon

Monosaccharide

simple sugar molecule

Lipid

molecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Nucleotide

subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Amino Acid

compound with an animo group on one end of and a carboxyl groupon the other end

Chemical Reaction

process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Reactant

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

Product

elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Activation Energy

energy that is needed to get a reaction started

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction


Enzyme

protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Cytoplasm

fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Vacuole

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates


Lysosome

cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assempeled

Ribosome

cell organelle concictiung of RNA and protein found throught the cytoplasm in a cell; te site of protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement

Golgi Apparatus

organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and and converts it into chemical energy

Selectively Permeable

property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot; also called semipermeable membrane

Mitochondria

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are mote convenient for the cell to use

Cell Wall

strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells

Lipid bilayer

flexable double layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings

Cilia

short hairlike projection that produces movement


Flagellum

structure used by protists for movement; produces movement in a wavelike motion

Nucleolus

The prominent structure in the nucleus is the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis.

Cell

basic unit of all forms of life

Cell Theory (ALL 3 parts)

all living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things: new cells are produced from existing cells

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

Nucleus

structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

Chromatin

substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones


Prokaryote

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Cell Membrane

thin, flexible barrier that surround all cells: regulates what enters and leaves the cell


Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Diffusion

process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where the are less concentrated

Isotonic

when the concentration of two salutions is the same


Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Facilitated Diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

Osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane


Osmotic Pressure

pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane


Active Transport

Ask Mr Shafer


Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

Heterotroph

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things: also called a consumer

Autotroph

organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds: also called a producer


Photosynthesis


process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.


Pigment

light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun's energy


Chlorophyll

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms


Thlyakoid

saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts


Calvin Cycle

the Light-independent Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar


Light-dependent Reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH


Light-independent Reactions

set of reactions in photo synthesis that do not require light: energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle


Electron Transport Chain

finish later

Aerobic

process that requires oxygen

Anaerobic

process that does not require oxygen

Cellular Respiration

strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells


Glycolysis

first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which 1 molecule of glucose, a 6 carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.


Krebs Cycle

second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.


Fermentation

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen


Glucose (know the formula)

C6H12O6

Lactic Acid

ask teacher