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329 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the dog, when does erection occur?
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After copulation has begun and after intromission
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What are 3 possible causes of failure of erection in the dog?
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-psychological constraints
-pain -androgen insufficiency (uncommon) |
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What are some cause of failure to ejaculate seen in the dog?
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-age (young dogs may copulate before maturity)
-pain -effects of pharmacological agents -retrograde ejaculation |
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Retrograde ejaculation is rare, what drugs are used to tx it?
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-sympathomimetic drugs
(phrenylpropanoloamine, pseudoephedrine) |
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What are the cause in failure to copulate seen in dogs?
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-age (too young, too old)
-overuse -psychological constraints |
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What is azoospermia?
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No sperm
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Azoospermia can have congenital causes such as chromosomal (XXY, XX sex reversal) or what other conditions?
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-bilateral cryptorchidism
-germinal cell aplasia -familial auto-immune thyroiditis/orchitis -segmental aplasia of the duct system |
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Germinal cell aplasia occurs only in which cells?
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Sertoli cells only
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Aquired azoospermia can result from what?
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-testicular neoplasia
-testicular injury/heating/inflammation -spermatogenic arrest -spermatocele (sperm ganuloma) |
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How are developing sperm cells protected from the immune system?
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Sertoli cells
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What is the term for abnormally low sperm in the ejaculate?
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Oligozoospermia
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Oligozoospermia can be a result of what conditions?
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-small testes
-orchitis -prostatic disease |
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What is teratozoospermia?
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A high number of morphologically abnormal sperm
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What is the term for sperm that doesn't move properly?
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Asthenozoospermia
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What is meant by the term necrospermia?
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Dead sperm
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In normal dogs, descent of the testes to the scrotum occurs by which day?
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10 days of age
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Is descent possible after 6 motnhs?
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rarely
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How often does cryptorchidism occur?
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1.2% - 5%
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Which breeds are at greater risk?
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Boxer
Toy breeds |
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What other congenital defects is cryptorchidism associated with?
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-inguinal/umbilical hernia
-hip dysplasia -patellar luxation |
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What 2 tests are used to detect the presence of an undescended testicle?
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-hCg or GnRH stim test
-ultrasound |
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How is the GmRH stim test performed?
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-blood sample before and then 60 minutes after an injection of GnRH to measure testosterone levels
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How much should testosterone increase by, after GnRH stimulation, if a cryptorchid testicle is present?
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2 times the pre treatment blood sample
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What 2 methods are used for tx of cryptorchidism?
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-hormonal tx
-castration |
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What are the 3 main types of testicular tumors in dogs?
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-Sertoli cell tumor
-Seminoma -Interstitial cell tumor |
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What is the 2nd most common tumor type of intact male dogs (following skin tumors)?
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Testicular tumors
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What is the average age of onset for testicular tumors in dogs?
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9-11 years
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Which breed is at a higher risk?
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Boxer
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What conditon increases the risk of SCT and seminoma?
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Cryptorchidism
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Sertole cell tumor accounts for what % of testicular tumors that arise?
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44%
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SCT is the most common type of tumor in what type of testis?
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Cryptorchid
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True or false. The malignancy rate of SCT is low.
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True (2%)
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SCT is associated with what signs of feminization?
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-estrogen secretion
-alopecia, hyperpigmentation -gynecomastia, pendulous preputial sheath also: squamous metaplasia of prostate, bone marrow hypoplasia |
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What tx resolves the feminizing signs?
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castration
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What is the prognosis for when bone marrow hypoplasia is seen?
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Guarded
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Seminoma is a neoplasia of which cells?
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Germ cells
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Does seminoma occurs more in a cryptorchid testis or a scrotal testis?
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Scrotal (78%)
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Which breed is predisposed to seminoma?
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GSD
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Interstitial cell tumors occur primarily in the scrotal testis, what affect do they have on testosterone production?
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Elevate serum testosterone
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Where is the penile frenulum located in the dog?
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Thin band of connective tissue along ventral midline of penis
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What is hypospadias?
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Urethral opening is in an abnormal location
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What is phimosis?
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Penis will not extend through preputial sheath
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What is the term for the penis not returning to the preputial sheath?
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Paraphimosis
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Why might a fractured os penis be an emergency?
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uthethra runs thru a groove in the os penis
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What is balanoposthitis?
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Inflammation of the penis and prepuce
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What is priapism?
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Persistant erection
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What are the steps in first aid treatment for a prolapsed uterus?
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-wrap uterus in a clean wet sheet or towel, support between 2 people
-wash with saline, suture tears, ligate vessels |
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When replacing the uterus what area do you push in first?
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Push more at the dorsum to allow for the curvature
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What drugs are given in the case of a prolapsed uterus?
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-oxytocin
-calcium IV -systemic antibiotics |
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What is meant by the involution?
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Rolled inwards....the coiled uterine horns in their involuted state...refers to the process of the uterus returning to normal
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What is the puerperium period?
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The post partum phase of return to normal cyclicity
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What is the term for the post-partum uterine discharge?
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Lochia
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What does lochia consist of?
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blood, mucus, cells, debris, blood pigments, shreds of fetal membranes
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When does the rapid shrinking of the uterus occur?
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First 4 days
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True or False. All cows are infected post partum?
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True
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What factors affect a cow's return to cyclicity?
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-breed
-milk yield -suckling -nutrition/body condition -season, climate -uterine involution -dystocia |
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75% of dairy cows return to cyclicity by when?
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25 days (95% by day 50)
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What effect does high energy intake before calving have on return to estrus time?
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Reduces open time
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What effect does high energy intake have AFTER calving?
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Higher conception rate
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What is the voluntary waiting period?
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A management decision as to when to commence breeding post partum
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Placenta/fetal membranes are considered retained if they still persist how long after partuition?
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>6-12 hours
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What effects does a retained placenta have?
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-drop in milk yield
-increased days open -lower conception rate -increased vet costs -delayed involution -increased bacterial load -reduced uterine defenses -increased metritis |
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What are some of the causes of retained placenta?
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-premature partuition (abortionm, induced)
-hydrops allantois -uterine inertia -heredity -hypocalcemia |
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What are the signs of retained placenta
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-membranes hanging from vuvla
-depressed appetite -depressed milk yield -malodorous discharge |
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How is a retained placenta treated?
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-leave for 72 hours, when necrotic then act on it
-cut while fresh (all will be passed by 7 days so minimize infection) |
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Purulent infection of the genital tract in cows usually involve which organism?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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Often in the post partum period which anaerobic organisms are seen?
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-Fusobacterium necrophorus
-Bacteroides |
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Typically, how do cows "throw off" the post partum infection?
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rising estrogens
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What is metritis?
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Acute septic condition involving all layers of the uterus in the post partum period (7-10 days)...may resolve to endometritis
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What is the Tx for metritis?
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-drainage or siphonage of the uterus, intrauterine and systemic antibiotics
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What is pyometra?
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Purulent infection of the uterus with build up of pus and enlargement of the uterus with retention of the CL
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Name 1 specific cause of pyometra.
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Tritrichomoniasis
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What is the Tx for pyometra?
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Prostaglandin to lyse the CL
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What is endometritis?
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A milder infection with or without cyclic release of pus when the cervix opens in estrus
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What is the preferred Tx for endometritis?
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Systemic anitbiotics
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When does puerperal metritis occur?
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Within 21 days of partuition
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In pyometra, the CL has persisted due to what?
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Failure of the luteolytic mechanism
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Which layers of the uterus are infected in a case of clinical endometritis?
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Superficial epithelium layers
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What are "the whites"?
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When a cow has endometritis and is passing mucus through the cervix
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What are the primary organisms involved with uterine infections?
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-F necrophorum
-bacteroides -A pyogenes |
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What physical defense mechanisms (to infection) does the genital tract of the cow have?
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The vulva is closed, the vestibular-vaginal fold and cervix serve to keep out most infectious material
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Which hormone increases uterine blood flow, bringing in defenses against infection?
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Estradiol
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What is the definition of a ovarian cyst?
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Fluid-filled pathological structure > 2.5 cm in the ovary
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What is the cause of an ovarian cyst?
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Insufficient LH to cause ovulation
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What is a follicular cyst?
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Has no luetal tissue, THIN walled and more fluctuant
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What are the signs of follicular cyst?
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Anestrus or nyphomania
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What is the Tx for follicular cyst?
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GnRH +- PGF 2a
if nymphomania then P4 |
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What is the difference between a Luteinized cyst and and follicular cyst?
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Luteinized cyst is THICKER walled less fluctuant
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What is the Tx for luteinized cyst?
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PGF 2a
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What are the affects of heat stress on a cow?
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-conception
-cyclicity -maternal recognition of preg -early development of the embry and its survivability -gestation (reduces birth weight) |
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Does high temperature shorten or lengthen the estrus cycle?
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Shortens
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What effect does heat have on conception?
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Reduces it...up to 50% in Florida
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How does increased temperature lead to abnormal embryos?
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Reduces uterine blood flow
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What is the effect of heat shock proteins produced by the embryo and endometrium?
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May inhibit the response of the endometrium to P4
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What palliative measures can you take to reduce heat stress in cows?
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-less grain feeding
-cool drinking water -frequent air changes, sprinklers -shade -increased potassium |
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If a cause has regularly returned to heat, what would you check as a visiting vet?
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Ovaries and tract
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What issues can cause an irregular return to heat?
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-shortened inter-estrous cycles
-follicular cysts -acute endometritis -inaccurate heat detection -lenghtened inter-estrus |
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What is the definition of a repeat breeder?
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Cow needing 3 or more services to become pregnant
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In a true anestrus, is a CL present or not present?
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Not present or not palable
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What condition is the cow in if anestrus with luteal tissue present?
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-Pregnant
-persistnat CL -pyometra -maybe mummification -luteinized cyst |
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What type of cyst could be present in a true anestrus?
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Follicular cyst
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In keeping herd records, what is considered as the normal cow cycle time?
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18-24 days
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What are the length sof time of the stages of cow partuition?
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1st stage: 2-8 hours
2nd stage: 70 mins 3rd stage: .5-12 hours |
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What does the term presentation refer to in bovine obstetrics?
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The longitudinal axis of the calf
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Which position of the longitudinal axis is most common?
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Anterior
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The position of the dorsum of the calf relative to the dam is called what?
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Position
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What is meant by dorsal to dorsal position?
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The spine of the calf nearly apposed to the spine of the dam
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What is meant by posture?
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The attitude of the extremities...laterla deviation of head, flexion of carpus)
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What is the term for the act of correcting dystocia?
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Mutation
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What is the term for the calf assuming the normal diving attitude for for birth?
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Deformation
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What is traction?
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The act of pulling the calf from the dam
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A cause of fetal oversize is calf-maternal pelvis disproportion...how can this be avoided?
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Sire with a bull with good calving ease
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What are some of the causes of dystocia in cows?
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-fetopelvic disproportion
-fetal malposture -failure of dilatation of the cervix -unterine intertia -uterine torsion -other maternal -other fetal |
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When is fetotomy performed?
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-fetus is dead
-reduce size of fetal mass |
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What is the rule of 5 for the fetotome?
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The wire should be 5 times the length of the fetotome
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Where is the forelimb cut made?
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Up the axilla
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What should be included on the hindlimb cut?
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The tailhead
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Most early embryonic deaths occur when?
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Before day 42
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What is the calving rate in cows?
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50-60%
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What are some causes of EED?
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-enviro factors
-genetics -infectious -nutritional -endocrine |
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What are causes of mummification?
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-genetic
-torsion of the umbilical cord -infection -fetal membrane defect -drugs |
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How is the mummy created?
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Rapid fetal death without stress, no abortion, uterine environment remains sterile, conceptus dries out
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How is mummification diagnosed?
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Upon palpation fetus is not fetl to be within is hydrualic fluids
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How is mummification treated?
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Induce parturition with PGF 2a
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How does maceration differ from mummification?
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Abortion gone wrong-- ossification of the skeleton then fetal death, partial fetal fluid absorption, fetal emphysema and infection
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How is maceration detected clinically?
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Cow is usually not ill, vaginal discharge, on palpation reveals skeletal remains in uterus, crepitation or bones floating
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What is the Tx for maceration?
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Parenteral antibiotics
PGF 2a if CL is present |
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Hydrops allantois occurs at which stage of gestation?
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last third
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How much fluid can accumulate?
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20-50 gallons (normal is 20 liters)
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How common is hydrops amnion?
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rare
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What are the clinical signs of hydrops allantois?
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Markedly distended abdomen
-pulse may be increase -palpation reveals a turgid distended uterus |
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What is the Tx for hydrops allantois?
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Induce calving with PGF
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What are common sequelae to hydrops allantois?
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Retained fetal membranes and metritis
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What is the cause of uterine torsion?
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(occurs late in gestation)
Large horn unilaterally, forward of its suspension with a large curvature |
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What are the signs if uterine torsion?
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-restlessness
-cessation of parturition -dilated cervix |
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Can a twist of 90-180 degress be corrected?
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Yes
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How is uterine torsion diagnosed?
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By vaginal exam, twist is caudal to cervix
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What methods are used to correct uterine torsion?
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-manual correction
-torsion rods -cats the cow to side of rotation--turn cow while fixing -C-section |
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In ruminants when does vaginal prolapse tend to occur?
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2-4 week pre-partum
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What conditions can lead to prolapsed vagina?
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-obese animals
-loose vagina ligaments -relaxed vulva with rising estrogens late in pregnancy |
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What are signs of vaginal prolapse?
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-Protrsuon of the vagina +- tenesmus
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What is the Tx for vaginal prolapse?
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-clean and disinfect first
-epidural and replacement -suture |
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What are some of the indications for elective termination of pregnancy in the cow?
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-mismating (wrong bull, heifer too young, twins)
-pathological pregnancy (hydroallantois, hydraminion, mummification and maceration) |
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During pregnancy, P4 is produced by what ?
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CL
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CL produces P4 for how long?
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until 150 days
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Does the CL regress after the placenta takes over the P4 production?
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No, CL remains
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What does the CL provide in the final month of gestation?
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P4 again
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An ovariectomy before 5 months of gestation will cause what?
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Abortion
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What happens if an ovariectomy is performed after 200 days?
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Pregnancy continues- P4 is at lower levels
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An ovariectomy at 200 days has what effect on gestation?
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Shortens it by 2 weeks
(may also cause dystocia, retained placenta) |
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The P4 is produced by what structures from days 150-250
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Placenta
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How is abortion induced?
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By reducing P4 to < 1 ng /ml
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What physical methods can be used to terminate pregnancy?
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-rupture of AV
-decapitation of fetus between 65 and 90 days -IU infusions -enucleation of CL |
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What is the more common method to terminate pregnancy?
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Use PGF2a (and analogs) plus glucocoticoids
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What effect does PGF 2a have on pregnancy at 5-7 days after ovulation, and up to 150 days of gestation
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5-7 days, CL is sensitive to PGF2a
150 days causes abortion |
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What effect does PGF 2a have in the final months of pregnancy?
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Induces parturition
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During days 150-250, combing glucocorticoids with PGF 2as has what effect?
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abortion
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What effect does glucocoticoids have in the final months of pregnancy?
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Induces parturition
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Is estrogen given for elective termination of pregnancy?
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Efficacy is questionable, may be considered obsolete
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What effects does estrogen have?
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-causes luteolysis and abortion up to 150 days
-may speed induction of parturition with glucocorticoids |
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What reasons might you induce parturition in beef and airy cattle?
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-seasonal calving (new zealand)
-management/manpower/facilities consderations -health of cow -reduce calf size |
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The drugs that are used to induce parturition in the cow are divided into what 3 categories?
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-long acting corticosteroids
-short acting corticosteroids -prostaglandins |
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When are long acting corticosteroids given?
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1 month prior to due date
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After an injection of corticosteroids, when does parturition occur?
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4-26 days
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What is a drawback to using long acting corticosteroids to induce parturition?
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High calf mortality
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Which long acting corticosteroid is used?
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Dexamethasone trimethylacetate
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What type of esters are short acting corticosteroids?
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Soluble esters
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When are short acting corticosteroids gien and what is the timing of their effect?
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-injected within 2 weeks of the due date
-parturition in 1-3 days |
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With short acting corticosteroids, there is less risk of calf mortality but a higher rate of what condition?
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Retained placenta
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What short acting corticosteroids are used?
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-dexamethasone
-flumethasone -betamethasone |
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What effect do prostaglandins have?
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Similar results as short acting corticsteroids
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Which prostaglandins are used to induce parturition?
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-PGF2a
-cloprostenol -fenprostalene |
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How are cows infected with Tritrichomonas foetus?
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Transmitted from infected bulls
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What is the first signs of cows being infected in a herd?
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-Coming back into heat during breeding season
-pregnancy rate lower than normal -cows conceive later and calve later |
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Once infected, where does T foetus grow?
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In the vagina and uterus
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What is the most common affect an infection of T foetus has on a cow?
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-early embryonic death
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What other effects can be seen in an infected cow?
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-inflammation of the uterus
-pyometra -abortion (first 1/2 of gestation) -macerated fetus |
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How do cows clear the infection?
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After a few estrus cycles
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What are the clinical signs of T foetus in a bull?
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No clinical signs
young bull: colonization of the penis and prepuce old bull: folds and crypts on surface of inner lamina of prepuce allows for survival of the organism (reservoir of infection for cow) |
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T foetus is the same as which organism seen in pigs?
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T suis (Gi and respiratory tracts)
also isolated in cats w/diarrhea |
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How is a bull tested for T foetus?
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-scrape and flush the inner lamina of the prepuce
-culture in special media pouch |
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For a bull to be declared negative for T foetus, how many negative culture must there be?
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Three
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What is the sensitivity of the culture?
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80%, need multiple cultures to find all positives
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What is the Tx for T foetus in young bulls?
Old bulls? |
Young: self cure
Old: ipronidazole, dimetridazole, metronidazole (all illegal) -no tx totally eliminates the infection -slaughter positive bulls |
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How do you prevent the spread of T foetus?
|
use only negative bulls and cows in breeding
(test all bulls, prevent positives from entering herd) |
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What is the purpose of the Trichguard vaccine?
|
Doesn't prevent infection but hastens recovery
|
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What is the older, common name for Campylobacter fetus, susp. venerealis?
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Vibrio
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C. fetus, subspecies venerealis is specific to which species?
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Cattle
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How is C fetus spread?
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By infected bulls when they mate susceptible cows
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What are the effects of an infection of C fetus?
|
-pattern of infertility/abortion similar to t foetus
-pyometra less common -abortion (occasional) between 4-7 months |
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Where is C fetus colonized in the bull?
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Prepuce
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How is C fetus diagnosed?
|
-pattern of infertility
-culture of bull (difficult- selective transport media needed) -culture of cow- cervical mucus |
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How else could you test a bull for C fetus?
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Breed the bull to to virgin heifer, sample cervical mucus for 18-30 days
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How is C fetus treated?
|
Local antibiotics used in the bull...but vaccine now used
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How do you prevent C fetus?
|
-management
-vaccinate both cows and bulls |
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What is the cause of the majority of bovine abortion?
|
Unknown
|
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What are some of the potential zoonotic bacteria that can cause abortion in cattle?
|
-listeria
-leptospira -brucella -coxiella burnetii |
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Which of these zoonotic bacteria can cause abortion in humans?
|
Listeria
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Which serovar of Leptospira interogans is adpated to cattle?
|
serovar hardjo type hardjo-prajnito
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What are the effects of an infection of L interrogans, servar hardjo?
|
-infertility
-abortion of fetuses 4 months to term -weak calves at birth |
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Which L interrogans serovar is adapted to swine?
|
pomona (infects cattle)
abortion in last trimester |
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The 5 way Leptospira vaccine typically includes which serovars?
|
-hardjo
-pomona -canicola -grippotyphosa -icterohemorrhagiae |
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What are the signs of acute lepto infection?
|
-fever
-hemolytic anemia -hemoglubinuria -icterus -in lactating cattle: mastitis, agalactia |
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What is the most prevalent bovine lepto in the US?
|
Leptospira borgpetersenii, servovar hardjo
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How is eptospira borgpetersenii now controlled?
|
Vaccine
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How is Leptospira transmitted?
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-shed in urine for several weeks
-survives in wet environment for 30 days (except borgpetersenii) -organisms can penetrate intact mucus membranes or abraded skin |
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The BVD virus is an RNA Pestivirus related to what other viral diseases?
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Hog cholera, Border disease of sheep
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Name the BVD virsu types
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Type 1
Type 2 |
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What biotypes are within Type 1 and Type 2?
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Cytopathic biotype and Non-cytopathic biotype
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What makes the difference between the cytopathic and non-cytopathic bio type?
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A mutation that causes the cytopathic(CP) type to kill cells in tissue culture
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Which biotype is responsible for persistent infection?
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Non-cytopathic biotype
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What will cause a fatal mucosal disease?
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Exposure of a persistant infected individual to a CP biotype that is immunologically identical to the NCP virus associated with the PI will cause fatal mucosal disease
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A subclinical infection of BVD is that to result in immunosuppression and cause what problems?
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A variety of problems and may be a component of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
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A Type 2 NCP BVD infection often results in what?
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Death
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Does death occur more often with chronic infection or acute?
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Chronic
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Mucosal disease is caused by a superimposed CP BVD infection on top of what type of infection?
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NCP BVD
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What can occur if the fetus is infected with NCP BVD during the first half of gestation?
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-persistant infection
-abortion -congential defects (100-150 days) |
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What can happen if the fetus is infected later in gestation?
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-abortion less frequent after 125 days
-fetuses are antibody positve by 180 days |
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What impact is seen on a fetus infected with NCP BVD after 170 days of gestation?
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No significant disease
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From a herd management standpoint, what signs point to a BVD infection?
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-aborted fetuses
-congenital anomalies -persistently infected animals |
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To isolate the BVD virus a sample of tissue is taken from where?
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Ear notch
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What is the method of control of BVD?
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vaccine...over 140 available
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In which animals do you not use a MLV?
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Pregnant animals
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Killed vaccines require how many doses for protection?
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2
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IBR is also known as what?
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Bovine herpes virus 1
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IBR has been called what, in terms of the bovine fetus?
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A death ray
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IBR isa highly contagious and virulent fetal pathogen. What effects can it have on a herd?
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-abortion storms
-infertility- early embryonic death -genital infections |
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In cows, IBR causes what type of genital infection?
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-IPV- infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
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IBR cause what genital infection in bulls?
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Infectious balanoposthitis
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In unvaccinated cows, how does the virus reach the fetus?
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Crosses the placenta
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Peracute necrosis of the fetal organs results in death how quickly?
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24-48 hours
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What clinical signs are seen in infected cows?
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Usually respiratory or conjunctivitis
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How is IBR controlled?
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vaccinate prebreeding heifers
new vaccine for pregnant cows being developed |
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Which species is the host for Neospora caninum?
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Dogs, wild canids (oocysts excreted)
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Which species is the intermediate host?
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Cows
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Once the oocysts are ingested, tissue cysts form where in the cow?
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In the nerve (CNS) tissue
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Is Neospora passed to the fetus?
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yes, vertical transmission occurs
-fetus may abort, or survive and be persistantly infected |
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How can horizontal transmission be controlled?
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-prevent fecal contamination of feeds by canids
-clean up aborted fetuses, placentas, dead calves |
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How is vertical transmission of Neospora controlled?
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Vaccinate
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True or False. Mycotic abortions tend to occur early in gestation?
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False, occur late
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What is assumed to be a common route for mycotic infection?
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ascending infections of the genital tract
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What is one of the most commonly isolated fungi that cause abortions in cattle?
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Aspergiullua fumigatus
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Which is the most common fungi in New Zealand?
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Mortierella wolfii
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How is mycotic infection diagnosed?
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-severe placentitis with necrosis of cotyledons and leathery thickening of intercotyledonary space
-in 25% of cases fetus has skin lesions |
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How can mycotic infections be controlled?
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Common sense..hygeine, mold free food
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What infectious disease is a significant cause of abortion in California beef cattle?
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Epizootic Bovine Abortion (EBA)
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EBA is associated with what vector?
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Argasid tick
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What can cause a prolapse of the bull prepuce?
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-abnormal retractor prepuce muscles
-prolapse as a consequence of hematoma |
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When is a prolapsed usually recognized?
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Observed while the bull urinates
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What is the sequelae of a bull with a prolapsed prepuce with laceration?
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-injury causes edema
-edema swells prolapsed tissue, preventing retraction -persistent prolapse re-injury |
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What are the nursing care steps that should be taken in the case of a prolapsed prepuce?
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-sling to suspend prolapse and reduce edema
-antibiotics (local & systemic) -emollients -hydrotherapy -replacement of prolapse within sheath |
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What surgical approaches are available to try to repair a prolapsed prepuce?
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-amputation of prolapsed section
-resection following dissection of damaged portion |
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Where would a persistant penile frenulum be located on a bull?
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Ventral midline of the distal penis attached to the inner lamina
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What is a persistant penile frenulum?
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A remnant of prepubertal attachment of layers
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How is a persistant penile frenulum treated?
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Surgically---cut it
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How does a hematoma of the bull penis occur?
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Excess pressure or bending of the penis
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Where do these hematomas usually arise?
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usually near the distal sigmoid flexure (dorsal apsect)
Subcu fills with blood |
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What are the physical signs of a bull with a broken penis/hematoma?
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-swelling on belly wall
-purple prolapse of prepuce -inhibition of breeding |
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How is the hematoma corrected?
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-surgically- removal of clot within 7 days
-repair of tunica albugenia |
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What are the possible sequelae of a penile hematoma?
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-abscess formation
-damage to dorsal nerve of penis -adhesions -vascular shunts |
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What is the name of the dorsal ligament of the bull penis?
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-apical ligament
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What happens to the shape of the penis if the apical ligament is too short?
Too long? |
short: s shaped deviation
long: ventral (rainbow) deviation |
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True or False. Spiral deviation of the penis is seen more often in old bulls
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True
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How can a deviation of the apical ligament be corrected?
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Fascia lata implant
for spiral deviation, can tack the apical lig to the tunica albugenia |
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What is the most common surface neoplasm of the bull penis?
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Fibropapilloma
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Fibropapilloma lesions are caused by what?
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Bovine papillomavirus
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Fibropapilloma is common in what age of bull?
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Young bulls housed together
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When is fribropapilloma usually diagnosed?
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On breeding soundness exam
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Where do most papillomas occur?
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On the free end of the penis (fornix to glans)
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Removal of a papilloma often requires what?
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Ligation
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Is a papillomavirus vaccine available
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Yes
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What is a sidewinder bull?
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Penis and prepuce deviated to the lateral aspect to create a heat detector bull
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Sheep are what type of breeders?
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Seasonal, short day breeders
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In the sheep what stimulates the release of GnRH?
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Melatonin
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How long is the cycle in sheep?
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18 days
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What is the purpose of the first, short luteal phase?
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Prime the hypothalamus and behavioral centers for full behavioral and ovulatory estrus
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At what location in the world would sheep show no photo-period induced seasonality?
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Near the equator
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The length of the sheep breeding season decreases with what?
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An increase in latitude
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What is the "ram effect"
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At the beginning of breeding season, the introduction of the ram will increase LH secretion in those ewes about to start the season- ovulation occurs about 3 days later
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For the ram effect to work, how long must the sheep and rams be separated?
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30 days
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Giving exogenous melatonin can ave what effect on the breeding season?
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Given 8 weeks before the expected season will bring ewes into season 6 weeks later with a higher mating rate
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What drug is given to synchronize sheep?
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Progestagens
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What is flushing?
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30 days before breeding season the farmer may increase the ewes nutrition to increase ovulation rate
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What drug is given to increase the ovulation rate?
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-eCG
-fecundin; immunogenic androstenedione |
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When is ketosis in a pregnant sheep more likely to occur?
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When carrying twins
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What are some of the clinical signs of a sheep with "twin lamb disease" (ketosis)?
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-separated from flock
-blindness -vocalization -colliding with objects -temors -salivation |
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Is ketosis treatable?
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Treatment may be uneconomic
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What are some non-infectious causes of abortion in sheep?
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-nutrition
-toxic (brassicas, locoweed) -endocrine -stress |
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What are the major infectious agents in sheep?
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-Toxoplams gondii
-Campylobacter -Chlamydophila -Ureaplasma -Neospora caninum |
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What is the host of Toxoplasma gondii
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Cats
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An infection of T gondii, in a sheep, in mid-gestation can lead to what?
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-fetal death
-mumminfication -abortion -still birth |
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Which organism can cause abortion storms in sheep?
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Campylobacter
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Campylobacter causes abortion in sheep at what stage of gestation?
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Last 6 weeks
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Why should pregnant women avoid ewes at lambing time?
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ewes may be infected with Chlamydophila psitacci- spread is from aborted ewes--is zoonotic
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True or False. Salmonellosis is a frequent cause of late term abortion in sheep?
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False- does cause abortion but is rarely seen
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Listeroa induced abortions are seen in sheep fed what?
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Silage
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Brucella mainly affects ewes or rams?
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Rams
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Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) is treated with what?
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Tetracycline
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What cause hairy shaker syndrome?
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Border Disease Virus- infected fetus may be still born with congenital CNS defects and hair
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Blue tongue virus may cause what clinical signs in sheep?
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-pyrexia
-swollen ears and tongue, face -oral nasal ulcers -lameness -may abort |
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How is Blue Tongue Virus spread?
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Mosquito- Culicoides sp
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Cache Valley Virus infects a fetus in which tissues?
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Brian and muscles
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Which 2 organisms cause epidymitis in rams?
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-Brucella ovis
-Actinobacillus seminis |
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B. ovis causes what type of lesions?
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-sperm granulomas
-fibrotic nodules -adhesions |
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What is the cause of the majority of dystocia in sheep?
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fetal maldisposition
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What is the length of a goat cycle at the beginning and end of season?
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Short- 6-7 days
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The buck effect will induce estrus in how many days in the goat?
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5-6 days
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Why isn't abortion common in goats?
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Smaller flocks
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A non-infectious condition that causes abortion due to possible energy demands is seen in which breed of goat?
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Angora
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What is cloudburst?
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False pregnancy, hydrometra
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How is false pregnancy diagnosed?
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-history and ultrasound
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What is the Tx for false pregnancy in goats?
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PGF 2a
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What is the most important cause of anestrus in goats?
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Intersex
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In the SHEEP, the amount of P4 during pregnancy is dependent on what?
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The number of placentas
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In GOATS, the amount of P4 is dependent on what?
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The CL
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How long is gestation in pigs?
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112-116 days
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In pigs, what is a non-productive day?
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Any day when the sow is not gestating or lactating
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What are some non-infectious causes of infertility in sows?
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-poor nutrition
-poor boar management -stress -delayed puberty -ovarian hypoplasia |
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What are some causes of poor conception rates in sows?
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-boar infertility
-poor AI technique -mating at wrong time -poor nurtition -stress -uterine infection |
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Mummified fetuses in sows can be a result of what virus?
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SMEDI
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Infectious abortions in sows can be attributed to what 3 organisms from the environment?
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-Erysipelothrix
-Eperythrozoon -Arcanobacter |
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common viruses such as teschovirus and porcine parvo can cause SMEDI syndrome...what does SMEDI stand for?
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Stillbirth Mummification,Embryonic Death, Infertility
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What is Autumn Abortion Syndrome?
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Farowing rate of sows bred June- Sept is 15% lower than normal
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What is the cause of Autumn abortion syndrome?
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Unknown
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What is the average time for a sow to go from weaning to estrus?
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3-14 days
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During gestation, what is the longest interval between piglets?
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Between the first and second and the last
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What are the causes of dystocia in a sow?
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-obstruction of birth canal
-deviation of uterus -fetal oversize -fetal malpresentation |
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When is PGF2 a given to induce parturition?
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-up to 3 days before expected farrowing (is safe after 110 days of pregnancy)
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What can cause periparturient hypogalactia in sows?
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-coliform mastitis
-endotoxemis -uterine infection -stress |
