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429 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Canine Atopic Dermatitis?
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A genetically predisposed inflammatory and pruritic skin disease with clinical features associated with IgE antibodies most commonly to environmental allergens
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Why do animals develop CAD?
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-impaired barrier function with abnormal fillagrin and lowered amounts of ceramides in surface lipids facilitate allegen penetration
-Th1/Th2 imbalance that favors development of IgE |
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Which allergens are commonly involved in CAD?
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-house dust mites
-food storage mites -pollens -human and feline dander -mold allegerns (less common) |
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How do allergens gain access?
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-throgh the skin aided by Langerhan's cells within the epidermis armed with IgE
-ingestion or inhalation of alleegens also occurs |
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When an allergen accesses an IgE antbody, what types of mediators are relased?
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-histamine
-heparin -serotonin -proteinases -platelet activating factor -prostaglandins -thromboxanes -leukotriens also interleukin and TNF alpha |
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Which dog breed seems to be protected against CAD?
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Poodles
and mixed breeds |
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What is the age of onset of CAD?
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Peaks between 1 and 2 years
rarely before 6 months or after age 7 |
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What is the cardinal clinical sign of CAD?
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Pruritis
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What areas of the body are affected?
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-facial
-ventral -pedal -otitis externa >50% of cases |
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What is a common secondary complication of CAD?
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Recurrent pyoderma- usually a follicultis
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Why does a pyoderma occur?
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-self trauma disturbance natural barrier
-seborrhea leads to colonization of staph (stratum corneum adhere to staph) -atopic dogs have impaired cell-mediated immunity |
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What other complications secondary to CAD may occur?
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-bacterial overgrowth
-proliferation of Malassezia -otitis my be complicated by bacteria or yeast and involve horizontal canal -changes from self-trauma -chronic skin changes |
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Dx of CAD required ruling out what other causes of the skin condition?
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-parasitic dz
-food allergy -contact allergy |
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How can you differentiate between CAD and a contact allergy?
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A contact allergy always has a macule or pustule eruption and is confined to hairless areas
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How is a dx of CAD made?
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-compatibale clinical signs
-presence of allergen specific IgE and presence of the allergen in the environment |
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What is the preferred method for demonstrating an allergen-specific IgE?
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Intradermal skin test-
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Prior to a skin test, the animal must be taken off which medications?
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-antihistamines for 10 days
-corticosteroids for 1 week for every moth of therapy |
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If serologic tests are done for allergen-specific IgE, which medications must the patient be off of?
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-antihistamines have NO effect
-ok to be on low doses or corticosteroids |
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Does a positive skin test or serologic (Elisa) test confirm a dx of atopic dermatitis?
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No, it supports the dx
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In general how long will CAD pts require tx?
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Lifelong
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Some animals may be cured spontaneously, others by what method?
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Immunotherapy
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What is immunotherapy?
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Hyposensitization
if necessary with low dose corticosteroids |
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What is the theory as to why immunotherapy works?
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Upregulation of Treg cells
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How many allergens are in an immunotx vaccine?
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Limited to 10 usually
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What are the 2 potential side effects of immunotx injections?
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-anaphylaxis
-exacerbation of the pruritis |
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What is the success rate of hyposensitization?
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60% of dogs will improve by 50%
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If there is no response to immunoTx after 9 months, what should you do?
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-is dx wrong or incomplete?
-coexistant food allergy? -additional sensitivites? -has the dog's environment changed -add corticosteroids to tx |
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How can you lower the allergens that a dog is exposed to?
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-evict cat, bird or other animals
-reduce exposure to human dander -avoid stale dry foods (storage mites) -eliminate wool rugs -keep dog away from areas of house dust mites |
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What medical tx can be used for CAD?
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For inflammation due to allergen/IgE interaction:
-corticosteroids -parental, short tapered course of prednisolone -topicals -antihistamines |
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Why are essential fatty acids important?
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for formation of prostaglandins and leukotriens, protective prostaglandins
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How long should immunoTx be continued before results are seen?
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30-60 days
some may need a higher dose |
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Aside from corticosteroids, what drug can be given to help CAD dogs?
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Cyclosporine A
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What types of shampoo can be used in the tx of CAD?
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-ceramide-containing shampoo
-allerderm spot...contains ceramides |
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What meds are used to tx the secondary diseases of CAD?
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-abx
-anti yeast therapy (shampoos) |
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Shampoos for the tx of CAD should have what properties?
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-removes allergen from skin
-antipruritic -anti inflammatory/bacterial.yeast sbeorrehic -restores barrier function |
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Food reactions can be of what 2 types?
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-hypersentivitiy (immuno rxn)
-food intolerance |
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Which Ig's seem to be involved in food allergies?
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IgE, IgG
and cell mediated |
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What general clinical signs can a dog present with in the case of a food allergy?
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-derm signs
-Gi signs -both |
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How oftern does a food allergy occur with CAD?
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30%
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Which breeds are predisposed to showing both signs?
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-GSD
-pugs -rhodesians |
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What are the GI clinical signs of a food allergy in a dog?
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-V/D
-loose stools, incr frequency, incr flatulence -eosinophilic gastroenteritis, lymphocytic/plasmacytic enteritis |
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Which derm clinical sign is almost always seen in a food allergy?
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Pruritis
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When do food allergies tend to start?
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Any age, but 42% prior to 1 year
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What are other drem clinical signs of food allergy?
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-papules and wheal seen
-secondary staph -distribution is similar to CAD, feet less affected |
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How does the recurring otitis externa of food allergy differ from CAD?
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-sometimes affects 1 ear
-may commence in the horizontal canal |
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Are interdermal skin test used for food allergy testing?
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No, not reliable
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Are testes for specific allergen IgE, IgG used?
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they are used but conflicting information about value
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What is the gold standard for dx of a food allergy?
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Hypoallergenic diet followed by challenge
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The new diet trial may take how long to have effect?
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6-8 weeks
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How is the dx always confirmed in a food trial?
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Must feed the original diet and look for a relapse
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What type of antigens are usually involved in contact dermatitis?
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Simple chemical- haptens
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Which cells are involved in antigen presentation?
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Langerhan's and a cell mediated T4 hypersensitivity is involved
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What type of allergen's usually cause contact dermatitis?
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-detergents
-dyes -anti-oxidants used in carpet manufacture -grass -weeds -weed killer -fertilizer |
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Is allergic dermatitis common or uncommon?
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Uncommon
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What are the clinical signs of contact dermatitis?
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-restricted to hairless parts of body
-clear demarcation between involved and uninvolved skin -maculopapular eruption (always) -variable pruritis -self trauma -chronic: hyperpigmentation/lichenification -secondary staff restricted to involved area |
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How is contact dermatitis confirmed?
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-bx with histopath
-could change the environment followed by challenge |
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How do you determine which allergen is involved in contact dermatitis?
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-selective environmental challenge
-commerical or home-made test patch |
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What tx are available for contact dermatitis?
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-remove the allergen
-remove the pet from the environment -oral corticosteroids- tapering -topical -pentoxifylline |
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What is a hymenoptera hypersensitivity?
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-sensitivity to wasps, bees, hornets
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What type of rxn can ocur with a hymenoptera hypersensitivity?
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fatal anaphylactic
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What other reaction can occur fromhymenoptera hypersensitivity?
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-severe local swelling through angioderma which may be life threatening in the oropharyngeal region
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What is the challenge to feline skin reactions?
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The same pattern can have many etiologies
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What is the primary lesion of feline milliary dermatitis?
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erythematous papule that reaily becomes encrusted
Multiple lesion may be found on any part of the body |
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larger feline milliary dermatitis lesions can resemble what other skin condition?
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Pemphigus foliaceous
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What the causes of feline milliary dermatitis?
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-atopic derm
-food allergy -lice -baceterial folliculitis -trombicula -flea allergy -dermatophytosis -cheyletiella -idiopathic |
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How is feline milliary dermatitis tx?
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-identify and treat cause
-corticosteroids -Megeraterol acetate (in Europe, has side effects) |
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Feline head and neck pruritis show what type of lesions?
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-crusting lesions with self-excoriation around the head and neck
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What are the most common etiologiesto feline head and neck pruritis?
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-Food allergy
-notoedres -some cases of autoimmune dz pemphigus |
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How would you describe a feline eosinophilic plaque?
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-well-demarcated, raiased oozing, ulcerated plaque
-random distribution, predilection for abd and medial thighs -lesions are highly pruritic, may be regional lymphadenoapathy -marked tissue peripheral & tissue eosinophilia |
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What are the differentials for eosinophilic plaques?
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-bacterial and fungal granuloma
-mast cell tumor -lymphoma, esp mycosis fungoides |
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What are the common causes of feline esoinophilic plaques?
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-flea allergy
-atopy -idiopathic -food allergy -any cause of excessive licking -bacterial infection |
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How are idiopathic cases of feline eosinophilic plaques tx?
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corticosteroids
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What are the 3 forms of linear granuloma that manifest collangenolysis?
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-linear lesions (posterior aspect of hindlimb(s))
-nodular lesion with verracose appearance in mouth -swelling on the chin (marked tissue eosionophilia, someyimes peripheral eosinophilia) |
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What are the differentials for linear granuloma?
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-oral form: could be neoplasia
:chin form: could be infected acne |
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What is the cause of linear granuloma?
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Sometimes allergy, usually a cause cannot be found
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What is another term for eosinophilic ulcer?
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Indolen ulcer (not a rodent ulcer)
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What is the appearance of a feline indolent ulcer?
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-ulcerated lesion on upper lip
-may occur on other parts of the body -peripheral/tissue eosinophilia not a feature |
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What other skin conditions can look like an idolent ucler?
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-SCC of the lip
-ulcers of infective origin, mast cell tumors |
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What is the primary cause of feline esopinophilic (indolent) ulcer?
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-flea allergy
-may have bacterial componenet, possible autoimmune component |
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How do you tx an idolent ulcer?
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-parenteral or intrelesional corticosteroids
-maybe abx |
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How do you determine feline self-induced hair loss (barbered alopecia)?
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-symmetrical loss (flank and ventrum)
-short stubby hairs left -hair shafts are shorn off |
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What is the cause of self induced hair loss in cats?
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Any allergic skin dz
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What is the cardinal sign of feline atopic dermatitis?
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Pruritis
-some cats may suffer from asthma |
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What are other signs of feline atopic dermatitis?
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-self induced hair loss
-miliary dermatitis -eosinophilic plaques --eosinophilic ulcers and linear granulomas |
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What is needed for a dx of feline atopic dermatitis?
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-compatible clinical signs
-absence of any other explanation for the signs -demonstration of allergen specific IgE |
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How do you treat feline atopic dermatitis?
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-hyposensitization
-corticosteroids -chlorphenarimine |
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What differentiates a feline food allergy from feline atopic dermatitis?
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Gi signs may co-exist with derm signs
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True or False. Feline contact allergy is rarely seen.
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True
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Pyoderma means pus within the skin. This term is used synonymously with what infection?
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Staphyloccocal
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Which species of staph is the major pathogen of pyoderma?
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S. pseudointermedius
(NOT and inhabitant of normal skin, present in carrier sites) |
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The pyoderma infection spreads from a carrier site, What prevents the development of the infection?
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-physical barrier of the skin
-antibacterial substance in sebum -bacterial barrier |
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What defenses affect the resolution of pyoderma?
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-non-specific (neutrophils, macs)
-specific (T cells) |
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What response to the bacterial infection is the cause of clinical signs of pyoderma?
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Inflammation
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What are the 3 ways in which a pyoderma is classified?
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-as primary and secondary
-according to site -according to depth within the skin |
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Which classification is most useful?
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Depth within the skin...has direct bearing on treatment
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What are the 2 main types of surface pyoderma?
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-pyotraumatic dermatitis (hot spot, acute moist dermatitis)
-fold pyoderma |
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Pyotraumatic dermatitis affects thick coated dogs (goldens) and is more common when?
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Summer months
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Pyotraumatic dermatitis develops from what cycle?
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Itch-scratch cycle
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What do pyotraumatic lesions look like?
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-erythematous
-swollen -alopecia -exudative |
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What is a second pre-disposing cause to pyotraumatic dermatitis?
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-perforating folliculitis (pyotraumatic folliculitis)
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Pyotraumatic folliculitis is seen often in which 2 breeds?
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-Goldens
-St. Bernards |
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Fold pyoderma is seen in breeds with what characteristic?
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Anatomic defects that create warm, moist, dark environments
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What type of lesions are seen in fold pyoderma?
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-exudative, odiferous and erythematous within skin folds
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True or false. Before taking a sample of a superficial pyoderma lesion, it is best to wipe the area with alcohol.
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False...don't use alcohol
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Which superficial pyoderma is seen as pustule just under the Stratum corneum esp in hairless regions of puppies?
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Impetigo
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Mucocutaneous pyoderma is an uncommon condition often affecting GSD, what area does it affect?
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The lips...and other mucocutaneous junctions
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What is the most common form of bacterial skin infection?
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Folliculitis
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Folliculitis originates within the hair follicle and is seen as what lesion?
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Papule, then becomes pustule and crusts over
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Follicultitis is often secondary to CAD and food allergy and tends to locate where?
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Trunk and ventral abdomen
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Follicultitis takes what form in pubescent dogs?
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Groin pyoderma
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Short haired dog pyoderma (Follicultitis) can have what appearance?
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Moth-eaten
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Follicultitis lesions have what appearance?
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spreading erythematous lesions with circular epidermal collarettes--then alopecia, crusting maybe hyperpigmentation
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How can you explain the varying manifestations of staph folliculitis?
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-varying toxins by different strains
-differing immune responses from the host |
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What is perifolliculitis?
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Folliculitis that has spread
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With perifolliculitis the hair shaft may rupture, leading to a nodular rxn, where does this tend to occur in Great Danes and Dobermans?
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Trunk area
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perifolliculitis lesions are most often on the limbs and mimic what other lesions?
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Acral lick granuloma
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Acral lick granulomas are always secondarily infected, therefore the first tx of choice is what?
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Antibiotic tx
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What condition arises from the rupture of the hair follicle and spread of infection to the surrounding dermis?
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Furrunculosis
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Furrunculosis is often associated with what other dz?
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Demodicosis
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What is another name for muzzle pyoderma?
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Canine acne (also a furrunculosis)
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What is cellulitis?
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A deeper pyoderma which dissects along tissue plains, breaking out onto the surface as discharging tracts
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What is German Sheperd Dog pyoderma?
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Interdigital pyoderma, cellulitis with punched out lesions
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Cytology is an easy to do dx aid for pyoderma, which cells should dominate the smear?
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Neutrophils, demonstration of intracellular cocci is highly supportive
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Which 2 strains of staph are most commonly demonstrated?
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S. aureus and pseudointemedius
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Do the gram neg organisms initiate a pyoderma?
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Only in the most severly immunocompromised
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Culture and sensitivity is performed for deep pyodermas, how is the culture taken?
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-can swab with alcohol (deep pyoderma)
-break a recent pustular leasion with a 26g needle -place applicator directly into lesion -place in transport medium |
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Are biopsies used to dx pyoderma?
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Not usually
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What is the best way to make a definitive dx of pyoderma?
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The response to abx...do not give corticosteroids at the same time
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What is the tx for pyotraumatic dermatitis (surface derm) when there is no folliculits?
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-tx underlying cause (fleas, otitis etc)
-clip hair around lesion, cleanse -topical or parenteral corticosteroids -topical abx |
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What is the tx for pyotraumatic dermatitis (surface derm) when there IS folliculits?
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-tx with Abx
-short course of corticosteroids to break itch-scratch cycle |
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How do you tx fold pyoderma?
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-clip hair
-cleanse -steroid/abx ointment only cure is sx correction of defect |
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What determines the length of time for abx tx of superficial pyodermas? (impetigo, folliculitis)
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The depth of the lesion
-impetigo: 15 days -folliculitis: 20 days or longer |
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How long is the abx tx for deep pyodermas?
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30 days (should use C&S)
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Which abx is a good first choice for tx pyoderma?
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Erythromycin (macrolide, bacteriostatic)
-Lincomysin is also good, cross-reactivity w/ erythromycin |
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What is the caution on using potentiated sulphonamides?
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(bactericidal)
-cutaneous and systemic drug reactions -KCS -arthopathy in Dobermans |
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Are cephalosporins bacteristatic or cidal?
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bactericidal
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Are cephalosporins a good choice to tx pyoderma?
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excellent
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What type of drugs is Amoxacillin/clavolinc acid?
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Bactericidal
-broad spectrum |
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When would you choose fluoroquinolones? and what caution must be taken?
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-if there is significant gram negs
do NOT use in fast growing dogs |
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Which drugs classes are NOT used in tx pyoderma?
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-PCN
-ampicillin -amoxicillin -tetracyclines not effective in S pseudointermedius |
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For superficial pyoderma, what type of topical tx can be used?
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Shampoos containing:
-benzoyl peroxide -ethyl lactate -monosaccherides -chlorhexidine -chitosanide |
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For deep pyodermas, what topical tx can be used?
|
Soaks or whirlpools with:
-povidone iodine (alternate days then weekly) -gels with benzoyl peroxide |
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What factors play a role in the recurrence of pyoderma?
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-surface colonization
-integrity of skin barrier is impaired -immunocompromised animal -food allergy -hypersensitivity to staph antigens -hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism -iatrogenic -idiopathic |
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What 2 conditions can lead to surface colonization of S pesudointermdius?
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-seborrhea
-atopic dermatitis (Stratum corneum cells are sticky) |
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What conditions can impair the integrity of the skin barrier?
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-inflammation
-self trauma -flea allergy (minor) -demodicosis |
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In which breeds can there be an immune defect seen as delayed intercellular killing my neutrophils?
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Weimaraners
Dobermans |
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Atopic dogs have what type of immuno defect?
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Impaired cell-mediated immunity
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Why are the use of corticosteroids contra-indicated when tx pyoderma with abxs?
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-Dry the skin and induce scaling which favors colonization
-suppress cell-mediated immunity |
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In the case of a recurrent pyoderma, what organism should you search for?
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Demodex...esp in pododermatitis
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What other steps are taken in the case of recurrent pyoderma?
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-check thyroid function
-skin test -elimination diet for food allergy |
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What steps can you take in the case of idiopathic recurrent pyoderma?
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-check C&S of abx used
-antibacterial shampoo -consider immunotx (Staph Phage Lysate) -1 month one 1 month off of abx -intermittent full dose abx tx on 2 days/week -continued low dose tx (least desirable) |
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Is staph pyoderma common or rare in cats?
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rare
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What skin condition do cats suffer form that may become infected with staph?
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Acne
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If a cat has an abscess, what bacterial organism would be cultured from it?
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P multocida
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Equine staph folliculitis is seen in what month? and what predisposes the horse to this condition?
|
-summer months
-sites that my be rubbed by the saddle or blankets (saddle sores, summer rash, sweating eczema) |
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How do you dx equine staph folliculitis?
|
-cytology of pustule/papules/crust
-C&S testing -bx if the dx is in doubt |
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How is equine staph folliculitis tx?
|
-antimicrobial shampoo
-procaine pcn or trimethroprim sulfa |
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What are the 4 types of Mycobacterium that affect the skin?
|
-tuberculosis mycobacteria
-feline leprosy -opportunistic mycobacterial granulomas -canine leprosy |
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Tuberculosis mycobacterium of bovine and human types can cause what skin lesions in dogs and cats?
|
-nodular skin disease
-in cats, M croti has been reported as causing widespread nodular and draining lesions spread by voles |
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What organisms causes feline leprosy?
|
M leprimurium
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What areas does feline leprosy affect?
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Head and ears
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Opportunistic mycobacterial granulomas can only survive where?
|
In devitalized tissue
|
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In which species are Opportunistic mycobacterial granulomas found?
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Cats...rare in dogs
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What tx is advised for Opportunistic mycobacterial granulomas?
|
They are large lesions and sx excision is recommended with abx
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Canine leprosy causes what types of lesions on what types of dogs?
|
-nodular, granulomatous lesions usually on head and ears of short coated dogs
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Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the stratum corneum (hair or nails) caused by which species?
|
-microsporum
-trichophyton -epidermopyton |
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What is an anthropophylic dermatophyte?
|
Primary pathogens of man, not found in soil
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What are zoophilic dermatophytes?
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Primary pathogens of animals that may be transmitted to man, rarely isolated from the soil
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What are geophilic dermatophytes?
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Normal inhabitants of the soil, occasionally infecting animals
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What is the definition of dermatomycosis?
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An infection of the skin, hair or nails by a species other than those listed above
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Dermatophytosis of which species is found most often in dogs?
|
-M canis
-T. metagrophytes |
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Which species of dermatophytes affects cats most often?
|
M. canis
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In the horse, which dermatophytes are most common?
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-T. equinum
-T. mentagrophytes |
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Which dermatophyte is most often found in rabbits?
|
T. mentagrophytes
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Which species of dermatophyte is most commonly transmitted to man?
|
M. canis
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When is dermatophytosis more common?
|
Warm, humid weather
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What condition predispose the skin to dermatophyte infection?
|
-stress
-use of corticostaeroids -immunosuppressive tx -intercurrent dz |
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The dermatophyte only invades dead tissue, hairs in which stage are invaded?
|
Anagen, with fungus growing down to the hair bulb
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What happens to the fungus if the hair enters the telogen phase?
|
The fungus is eliminated
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Which response of the body is responsible for self-cure of dermatophytosis?
|
Cell mediated immunity (60-90 days)
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What is a Wood's lamp used for?
|
To dx dermatophytes, M canis show an apple green fluoresence under the UV light
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When plucking hairs for microscopic examination of dermatophytosis, what area do you take the hairs from?
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The margins of the lesions
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|
|
hair samples can be cleared by adding 10-20% KOH, what do you look for?
|
Sick looking hairs that have been digested by keratinase produced by the dermatophyte
|
|
|
Which dx aid is the most reliable for dermatophytes?
|
Fungal culture (Mackenzie brush technique
look for microconidia from the colony |
|
|
If performing a skin bx, what do you need to tell the pathologist
|
That dematophytosis is suspected...special stains are needed for the fungus
|
|
|
What are the classic signs of dermatophytosis of a dog?
|
-localized area of broken hair (alopecia)
-inflammtory, areas of folliculitis and furrunculosis -scaling lesions, some crusts -kerion may develop -rarely nail infection |
|
|
Spontaneous cure of M. canis should occur when?
|
60-90 days
|
|
|
If spontenaous cure does not happen, what would you suspect?
|
Immunosuppression or another concurrent dz
|
|
|
How can you tx dermatophytosis if it doesn't self-cure?
|
-clip the ares (limits contamination)
-apply topicals -give oral meds for 4 weeks (Griseofulvin , not in preg animals, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole) |
|
|
What is the common presentation of dermatophytosis in cats?
|
Areas of broken hairs leadin to focal alopecia w/slight erythema
|
|
|
How are cats with dermatophytosis tx?
|
-same as dogs
-higher doses of Griseofulvin can cause bone marrow suppression |
|
|
In what case, with cats, is dermatophytosis a challenge?
|
Infected cattery
|
|
|
Dermatophysosis is seen in horses of what condition?
|
-young
-debilitated -immunosuppressed |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of dermatophytosis of horses?
|
-focal hair loss from direct invasion of the hair shaft or form an underlying folliculitis
-3mm-6mmlesions over traunk, face, head, chest..consistent with blankets, tack, saddle -pruritis not seen |
|
|
How is equine dermatophytosis tx?
|
-isolate infected horses
-self cure in 90 days -use a poultry premise spray -lime suphur -2% chlohex -keeping grooming supplies separate and disinfected |
|
|
How does dermatophytosis first appear on a guinea pig?
|
-broken hairs
-scaling and hair loss around the nose |
|
|
What is the tx for guinea pig dermatophytosis?
|
-Griseofulvin
-or topical with lime suplhur or 1% chlorhex |
|
|
What type of organism is Malassezia pachydermatis?
|
Lipophilic yeast, normal inhabitant of canine and feline skin and ears
|
|
|
How do you dx Malassezia?
|
tape strip stained w. DifQuik
|
|
|
How is Malassezia tx?
|
Topicals
-miconazaole, enilconazole, chlorhex, selenium suphidew or Systemic Ketoconazole |
|
|
When is Malessezia usually seen?
|
In the presence of another skin or ear dz...treat the underlying cause or it will recur
|
|
|
Which organism is the cause of subcuatneous mycosis?
|
Sporothrix schenkii
|
|
|
Where is sprotrichosis seen?
|
Tropical or subtropical climates
|
|
|
How does sporothrix gain access?
|
A dog, cat or horse with a puncture wound
|
|
|
Sporotrichosis is characterized by draining lesions, with what type of organism?
|
Cigar shaped (more in cat than dog)
|
|
|
What is a major concern about Sporotrichosis?
|
It is zoonotic
|
|
|
What is Pythiosis and what species does it affect?
|
-an aquatic organisms (not a true fungi)
-dogs, horse, very rarely a cat tropical.subtropical climates |
|
|
Pythiosis lesions are solitary or multiples, proliferative, draining, granulomatous and usually start where?
|
On the limbs
|
|
|
What is the best tx for pythiosis?
|
Sx excision
|
|
|
Which organisms cause systemic mycosis?
|
-blastomycosis
-cryptococcosis -coccidioidimycosis -histoplasmosis |
|
|
What organism cause blastomycosis?
|
Blastomyces dermatitides
|
|
|
What clinical signs might be seen with Blastomycosis?
|
-skin lesions w/draining sinus
-occular, respiratory, abdominal signs |
|
|
What is the tx of choice for Blastomycoses?
|
Itraconazole
|
|
|
What i the most common deep mycosis of cats (seldom seen in dogs)?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast like fungus associated with what species?
|
Pigeons
|
|
|
What type of clinical signs does cryptococcus exhibit?
|
-upper respiratory signs
-occular -CNS -skin dz |
|
|
What is the tx for cryptococcus?
|
Itraconazole
|
|
|
Coccidioidomycosis is rare and seen in what part of the country?
Histoplasmosis? |
Coccidio: San Joaquin Valley
Histo: central usa |
|
|
When does Demodex colonize the host?
|
Normal inhabitant that colonizes shortly after birth
|
|
|
Where do the Demodex mite live?
|
Primarily in the hair follicle, sometimes sebaceous glands
|
|
|
What are the 2 demodecosis classifications?
|
-localized
-generalized |
|
|
What should be kept in mind regarding the classification of demodecosis?
|
generalized infections started out as localized
|
|
|
What is the site of predilection in Demodex pododermatitis?
|
The feet
|
|
|
What is squamous demodecosis?
|
No secondary infection, just hair loss
|
|
|
What is the term for a demodecosis with an obvious secondary infection (initially staph intermdius)?
|
Pustular
|
|
|
Junveile onset of demodecosis occurs when?
|
8 weeks and 15 months of age
|
|
|
What is the usual cause of adult onset of Demodecosis?
|
-an underlying dz such as
-hypothyroidism, Cushing's, lymphosarcoma (50% of the time, other 50% no cause is identified) |
|
|
True or False....Demodecosis is an inherited dz?
|
True
|
|
|
What are the 2 theories as to how demodecosis develops?
|
-immunological theory
-local environment theory |
|
|
What is the difference between these theories?
|
immuno: dog is immuno supressed, T-cell defect
local environ: non-immune factors like hypothyroidism that affect skin lipids most likely multifactorial |
|
|
Localized Demodecosis is characterized by focal alopecia and follicular plugging in what areas?
|
-eyes
-commisure of the mouth -forelegs |
|
|
How is generalized demodecosis characterized?
|
-more extensive areas of involvement
-secondary pustular development |
|
|
What is the appearance of Demodex pododermatitis?
|
-may occur with generalized demodex
-feet are swollen, serosanguinous discharge common |
|
|
How is a Dx of demodecosis made?
|
By demonsration of mites by:
-exam of exudate -hair plucking -skin scraping -bx |
|
|
Should localized demodecosis be treated?
|
Debatable
spontaneous cure should occur in 3-6 weeks -can use benzoyl peroxide shampoo for follicular flushing |
|
|
What drugs are used to treat generalize demodecosis?
|
-Amitraz
-Promeris Duo -Ivermectin (extra label....not for collies, sheepdogs, herding dogs -Milbemycin -Moxidectin |
|
|
Should corticosteroids be used in the tx of Demodex?
|
No...further immunosuppression could occur
|
|
|
What precaution should you take with a bitch with Demodecosis?
|
Spay...it is inherited
|
|
|
What are the 2 species of mites that cause Demodecosis in cats?
|
-D. cati
-D. gatoi |
|
|
D. cati can cause lesions similar to D. canis as well as what additional clinical sign?
|
otitis externa
|
|
|
What dz condition might predispose a cat to D cati?
|
-FIV
-FeLV |
|
|
What tx does D cati respond to?
|
-lime sulphur
-amitraz (not approved for cats) |
|
|
Where does the D. gatoi mite live?
|
In the Stratum Corneum
|
|
|
What is the concern with D . gatoi and other cats?
|
It is a contagious dz
and a more pruritic dz |
|
|
Demodecosis is common hamsters and responds well to what drug?
|
Amitraz- 250ppm
|
|
|
Which parasite of dogs causes scabies?
|
Sarcoptes scabei var canis
|
|
|
The sarcoptes mite can also live on man, how do you tx it?
|
Treat the dog
|
|
|
True or False...scabies is the most pruritic dz in small animal derm?
|
True
|
|
|
What is the primary eruption of scabies and where does the dz occur?
|
-papule (chronic cases can show self-trauma, hair loss, crusting, lichenificaiton)
-a ventral disease (ear margins, ventral chest, elbows) |
|
|
What is Norwegian scabies?
|
When a great deal of scale and crust develops...because of a lack of immune response..many mites are found
|
|
|
How is a dx of scabies made?
|
-is there a possible contagion? (pupy, dog shows, boarding?
-other animals affected -are owners pruritic? |
|
|
what response should scabies have to corticosteroids?
|
50% reduction in pruritis compared to 100% with allergic dz
|
|
|
How do you confirm a scabies dx?
|
-broad and then deep skin scraping
-sero test -if in doubt treat with scabicide, make retrospective dx |
|
|
Which drugs are used to tx scabies?
|
-selamectin
-amitraz -lime sulphur -moxidectin |
|
|
Which sarcoptic mite can infect cats?
|
Notoedres cati...in SW USA and Italy
can also infect man |
|
|
Where are the scale, crusting and self trauma lesion localized on a cat with Notoedres?
|
head and neck
|
|
|
What is the ear mite of rabbits?
What are the clinical signs? |
Psoroptes cuniculi
crusty exudate in ears, intense pruritis |
|
|
What species does Trixacarus caviae infect?
|
Guinea pig
can temporarily infect humans |
|
|
Cheyletiella shows what clinical sign in the dog?
|
-highly pruritic (asymptomatic carrier state is rare)
-excessive dandruff -affects any part of the body....trunk usually involved -likely to involve all dogs & cats in the house |
|
|
Cheyletiella shows what clinical signs in cats?
|
-can have asymptomatic carriers
-can induce seborrhea-like condition, variable pruritis -can cause milliary dermatitis -pruritic dz w/ self trauma |
|
|
How is Cheyletiella dx?
|
-suspicion relating to aquisition of infection (kennel, show, pet shop)
-other pets involved -mite just visible to naked eye -very superficial skin scraping |
|
|
How is Cheyletiella treated?
|
-topical parasiticides except imidocloprid
|
|
|
What organisma are Trombicula?
|
-chiggers
-harvest mites -berry bugs |
|
|
Trombiucla afredddugsi and T. autumnalis are found where?
|
T alfreddugi: N. America
T. autumnalia: other parts of the world found on decaying vegetable matter |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of infection with Trombicula?
|
-extreme pruritis
-feet and ears distribution -papular eruptions and signs of self trauma are seen |
|
|
How are Trombicula Dx?
|
larvae are just visible to the naked eye as bright orange dots
|
|
|
What type of dermatological signs can ticks cause?
|
-irritation at site of attachment
-granulomatous reaction at attachment site if tick is removed and mouthparts left intact -first stage larvae (seed ticks) can cause pruritis |
|
|
How are ticks treated?
|
-manual removal
-parasiticidal tx |
|
|
Which subspecies of flea is found most often on dogs and cats worldwide?
|
Ctenocephalides felis felis
|
|
|
Which flea subspecies is found in poultry?
|
Echidnopahgia gallinacea- stick tight flea
|
|
|
Pulex irritans has what species as its host?
|
Man
|
|
|
Which Pulex subspecies infests dogs and sometimes cats?
|
Pulex simulans
|
|
|
What are the stages of the flea lifecycle?
|
-adult lays eggs (on host, then they fall off)
-larval stages (bury into carpets) -cocoon -adult |
|
|
What conditions make a poor environment for fleas?
|
-hi humidity and hi temp
-low humidity and hi temp -wet conditions (drowns larvae) |
|
|
Indoors, where do fleas prefer to live?
|
-areas frequented by pets
-carpets -old wood floors |
|
|
Outdoors, where do fleas prefer to live?
|
-shady areas, esp in sand and organic materials
|
|
|
What are the areas of predilection for infestation of fleas on a cat? on a dog?
|
Cat: no particular site
Dog: stomach and hindquarters |
|
|
What non-allergic effect can fleas have on dogs and cats?
|
-induces anemia
-transmission of dog tapeworm -transmission of rickettsiae --transmission D reconditum -transmission of other parasites and viruses --transmission of cat scratch organism Bartonella henselae |
|
|
Flea allergy dermatitis is caused by what?
|
Allergy to the bite of fleas
|
|
|
What is the major flea allergen recognized by > 90% of animals with FAD?
|
Ctef1
|
|
|
How are dogs hyper-sensitized to flea bites?
|
-exposed optimally
-intermittent exposure causing development of the allergy |
|
|
What is the immunopathogensis of flea allergy?
|
-immediate hypersensitivity, mediated by IgE
-delayed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity -cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity |
|
|
In the dog, what are the primary signs of flea allergy?
|
-papule appears, may develops crusts but does not spread
-lesions of lower back, inner and posterior thighs, umbilical area -with E gallinacea, localized involvement may occur |
|
|
What are the secondary clinical signs of flea allergy in the dog?
|
-evidence of self-trauma
-seborrhea -alopecia -hyperpigmentation & lichenification -secondary bacterial folliculitis may develop |
|
|
What are the primary signs of flea allergy in the cat?
|
-papule..may be too small to recognize
-distribution in the cat is not so characteristic |
|
|
What are the secondary sign of flea allergy in the cat?
|
-milliary dermatitis
-generalized pruritis, no specific distribution -hair loss from excessive licking -eosinophilic plaques, ulcers, and other manifestations of eosinophilic granuloma complex |
|
|
A dx of flea allergy must meet what 5 criteria?
|
-presence of fleas and /or flea dirt
-compatible clinical signs -demonstration of hypersensitivity (interdermal or serology) -response to appropriate treatment -r/o concomitant dz (atopic derm) |
|
|
What is the method of action of Organophosphates?
|
-destroy cholinesterase
-toxic to young dogs and cats -mostly withdrawn |
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of carbamates?
|
-compete reversibly with cholinesterase
-less toxic, safe for cats |
|
|
Which flea control drug comes from chrysanthemums?
|
Pyrethrins
|
|
|
Who do pyrethrins work?
|
-muscular excitation, convulsions and paralysis
|
|
|
What type of drug are Pyrethroids?
|
Synthetic pyrethrins
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of Fipronil (Frontline)?
|
Blocks GABA
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of
Imidocloprid? |
Binds to nicotinic receptors in post synaptic nerves blocking acetylcholine
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of Selemectin?
|
Potentiates the release of GABA
|
|
|
What is a benefit of Selemectin?
|
Broad spectrum against ticks, mites, scabies and some endoparasites
|
|
|
What effect does borax derivatives have on fleas?
|
GI poison, interfers with ovarian function
|
|
|
What subspecies of lice is the sucking louse?
Which is the biting subspecies? |
sucking: Anaplura
biting: Mallophaga |
|
|
What are the predilection sites of lice?
|
Ears and areas with thick hair
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of lice infestation?
|
-itense pruritis
-crusting skin ,milliary dermatitis in cats -affected livestock may become unthrifty/debilitated -sucking lice may produce anemia |
|
|
What is the tx for lice?
|
Parasiticides
-Avermectin injection.pour on for farm animals |
|
|
What are the 3 major species of biting flies that can affect dogs and cats?
|
-mosquitos
-culicoides -black flies |
|
|
Black flies are a likely cause of what condition?
|
Fly-bitten ears
|
|
|
How should biting flies be controlled?
|
-clean up manure and rotting vegetation
-keep animals in during fly active time -use pyrethroids -insect repellents |
|
|
What is myiasis
|
Dz induced by fly larvae
usually in sheep |
|
|
What occurs during keratinization of the skin cells?
|
-keratin filaments are attached to the desmosomal plaques, imparting strength and cohesion to clls
|
|
|
What happens if the epidermal layer forms incorrectly?
|
The epidermis dries out
|
|
|
The cells of the Stratum corneum lose how much fluid through the dehydration process?
|
50-80% (will consist of >80% keratin)
|
|
|
What happens during desquamation?
|
An orderly departure of individual cells or small rafts of cells into the environment
|
|
|
What causes caling (seborrhea) to occur?
|
A loss or epidermal moisture and worsening barrier function
|
|
|
What is the definition of seborrhea?
|
-A generalized scaling disorder that may be accomp naied by excessively dry or oily skin
|
|
|
As scaling developes, what 2 sequelae can occur?
|
-change in bacterial flora leading to S. pseudointermedius
-increase in the numbers of Malassezia |
|
|
When does secondary seborrhea occur?
|
In the presence of a primary condition such as
-allegic dz -ectopic parasites -mycotic infections -inflammatory skin dz |
|
|
When does metabolic seborrhes occur?
|
Results from deficiencies or aberrations of the factors needed for normal keratinization:
-endocrine disorders (hypothyroid, cushings) -deficiency in essential fats (inadequate diet, inability to absorb or metabolize) -zinc deficiency |
|
|
Which breeds are affected by primary idiopathic seborrhea?
|
-cocker spaniels
-irish setters -basset hounds |
|
|
Primary idiopathic seborrhea has what kind of effect on the skin?
|
Hyperproliferation
|
|
|
What is fish skin dz?
|
Ichthyosis
|
|
|
Ichthyosis is characterized by the development of tightly adherent scales and has now been linked to what?
|
Autosomal recessive condition--of Golden retrievers
|
|
|
How is a sebaceous adenitis characterized?
|
--sever scaling and loss of hair
-color change (usually grey) -loss of crimp in Poodle hair |
|
|
How is a sebaceous adenitis treated?
|
-75% propylene glycol and a humectant
-accutane -cyclosporine A |
|
|
When would you make a dx of idiopathic seborrhea?
|
Only when every possible cause as been eliminated
|
|
|
How is seborrhea tx?
|
Identify and treat the underlying cause
|
|
|
When is palliative Tx used for seborrhea?
|
-as supportive when secondary seborrhea has be dx
-as continued maintenance tx when idiopathic has been dx |
|
|
What agents in shampoos are effective for seborrhea tx?
|
-salicylic acid
-sulphur -benzoyl peroxide -selenium sulphide also emollient rinses |
|
|
What are the 2 main types of autoimmune dermatoses?
|
-autoimmune reactions agaiant skin components
-development of immune complexes which damage the skin |
|
|
Give an example of an autoimmune reaction against the skin components.
|
Pemphigus foleaceous
|
|
|
What diagnostic aids can be used for autoimmune dermatoses?
|
-Histopath
-cytology -direct immunoflouresence/iummunohistochem -serological tests |
|
|
What type of lesion should be used for histopath?
|
An early, primary lesion
|
|
|
What cells do you look for in cytology?
|
-look for acantholytic cells
|
|
|
What serological test is done if you suspect Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
|
Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
|
|
|
What type of presentation does Pemphigus foliaceous have?
|
Superficial pustular dermatitis
|
|
|
What is the initial lesion of PF?
|
-a pustule that ruptures, levaing a crusted area
|
|
|
How do you differentiate PF from bacterial pyoderma?
|
PC commences on the nose and spreads to the ears and almost any body part.
footpad lesions |
|
|
What clinical sign of PF can be seen in cats?
|
Refractory paronychia
|
|
|
Cytology of a PF lesion will show what results?
|
Acantholytic cells mixed with neutrophils
|
|
|
What would a bx of a PF lesion show?
|
Subcorneal, intraepidermal pustules with acantholytic cells with neutrophils
|
|
|
What are the 3 autoimmune mediated ulcerative diseases?
|
-pemphigus vulgaris (PV)
-bullous pemphigoid (BP) -epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) |
|
|
What is the primary lesion of an ulcerative dz?
|
A bulla
|
|
|
What area of the body is preferentially affected?
|
Mucocutaneous junctions and oral mucosa
may have sloughing of footpad and nails |
|
|
What other systemic clinical sign is seen with ulcerative dz?
|
Always febrile and sytemically very ill
|
|
|
Is it necessary to distinguish between the 3 types of ulcerative dz?
|
No
|
|
|
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) and Pemphigus Erythematosis (PE) are what type of immune mediated dermatoses?
|
Symmetrical scaling and crusting dz
|
|
|
All 3 scaling/crusting diseases are exacerbated by what?
|
Sunlight
|
|
|
Where do DLE and PE start?
|
On the nose, usually starts with depigmentation of the planum nasale
|
|
|
What differentiates SLE from DLE and PE?
|
SLE has systemic dz
SLE often has footpad involvement SLE associated with internal dz (MSK dz, AIHA, immune mediated thrombocytopenia, glomerulonephritis) |
|
|
What diagnostic tests are used to confirm SLE, DLE or PE?
|
-histopath
-tests for antinuclear antibody -sirect immunofluorescence (look for immunoglobulin deposits at the dermoepidermal junction (lupus band) |
|
|
Which body regions are involved with hereditary lupoid dermatosis of German Shorthaired Pointers?
|
-face, ears, back
-hocks and scrotum |
|
|
What is the goal of therapy of autoimmune dermatoses?
|
Control the abnormal immune response, reduce the inflammatory response (tx is usually life long)
|
|
|
What is the drug of choice for tx autoimmune dermatoses?
|
Corticosteroids (predisone, prednisolone)
|
|
|
Remission can be improved by adding Azathioprine to the corticosteroid tx. In which species can Azathioprine cause fatal bone marrow aplasia?
|
Cats- do not use Azathioprine long term
|
|
|
Remission can also be achieved by combining which drugs with corticosteroids?
|
-cyclophosphamide (induces cystitis)
-Chlorambucil |
|
|
In the tx of SLE, what paradoxical drug combination is effective?
|
Prednisolone and Levamisole (immunostimulant)
|
|
|
Cats with autoimmune dermatoses respond well to megestrol. What are the side effects of this drug?
|
-pyometra
-diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Once the autoimmune condition is under control, what should you do about dosage?
|
Taper to a maintenance dose
|
|
|
What supportive care is needed for autoimmune dermatoses patients?
|
-broad spectrum abx
-application of sun screen -soaks with warm water to remove crusts |
|
|
What are some common signs of a drug reaction/eruption?
|
-uticaria/angioedema
-exanthematous -erythema multiforme -vasculitis -vesiculobullous -purpuric rxn -generalized erythroderma -toxic epidermal necrolysis |
|
|
How is a dx of drug eruption made?
|
-circumstantial evidence
-hx of recent administration -compatible clinical signs |
|
|
What is the tx for drug eruptions?
|
-withdraw the drug
-supportive tx -corticosteroids where there is acute inflammation |
|
|
What is erythema multiforme?
|
-potential immune mechanism
-target of bullseye lesion, ulcerates and crusts -tx with corticosteroids and abx |
|
|
Which dermatology condition is a true emergency?
|
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
|
|
|
What is the cause of Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
|
1/3 cases from drug reaction
1/3 from internal malignancies 1/3 miscellaneous |
|
|
What are the clinpath signs of Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
|
-sudden onset of erosive skin dz, affecting large areas of skin
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
|
50% of animals will die
|
|
|
What Tx is used for Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
|
Supportive
|
|
|
What is vasculitis?
|
Immune complex dz n which deposition of complexes in vessel walls results in adherence of neutrophils and resultant damage to the vessel
|
|
|
What are the causes of vasculitis?
|
-drugs
-misc infections -idiopathic |
|
|
What is the most common clinical sign of vasculitis?
|
Avascular necrosis of small focal areas of the extremities, particularly the ears and feet
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Skin tumors account for what % of all tumors in dogs and cats?
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50%
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Most tumors are found in older dogs. What type is common in young dogs?
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Histiocytoma
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90% of perianal gland tumors occur in what type of dog?
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Intact male
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Give an example where species makes a difference as to the way a tumor behaves.
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Mast cell tumors in canines are often malignant and benign in feline
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Does breed have an affect on tumor type?
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Yes, i.e. mast cell tumor in Boxer, histiocytes in BMD
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Squamous cell carcinomas are more prevalent in what type of dog or cat?
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white ones
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If a dog has GI ulceration, what tumor might you look for?
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Mast cell
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Anal sac adenocarcinomas and lymphomas can induce what type of neoplastic syndrome?
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hypercalcemia
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In the case of a dog that is hemorrhaging, what tumor would be on your differentials?
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hemangiosarcoma
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A skin mass should be examined for what characteristics?
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-site
-depth -pruritis -number -attachment -ulceration -size -color -texture -alopecia |
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What 2 dx techniques are available for determining the dx of a tumor
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-direct cytology
-biopsy |
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Papillomas are epithelial tumors that are often called what? What species do they affect?
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-warts
-cattle, horse, dog |
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What is the origin of papillomas?
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Viral
benign w/ spontaneous regression |
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Basal cell tumors are common in which species?
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Common in cat, rare n dog
solitary firm nodules most are benign |
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SCC affects older animals of which species?
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All
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What areas of the skin are predisposed to SCC?
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white or depigmented skin exposed to UV light
ulceration is common, locally invasive may metastasize in time |
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What is another term for follicular epithelial tumors?
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Sebaceous cyst
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Sebaceous gland tumors are common in which species?
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Older dogs, most are benign
no tx is needed, should not be expressed |
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What are the 2 types of sebaceous cysts?
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depending on where they arise in the hair follicle
-infundibular cysts -matrix cysts |
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What is another term for follicular epithelial tumor?
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Sebaceous cyst
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What are the 2 types of sebaceous cysts?
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Depends on where the arise within the hair follicle:
-infundibular cysts -matrix cyst |
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Which 2 breeds are predisposed to Sebaceous cyst?
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Shihtzus and miniature Schnauzers
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What is the appearance of a sebaceous cyst?
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Solitary or multiple, well-demarcated interdermal swelling-sometimes with blue coloration
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If punctured with a needle what is the appearance of the sebaceous cyst contents?
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Waxy, often granular yellow/brown to black contents…don’t squeeze!
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What is the tx for sebaceous cyst?
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Benign condition, no tx advocated
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Sebaceous gland tumors are most common in which species?
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Dogs- older
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What is the tx for sebaceous gland tumors?
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None, unless they ulcerate and bleed then simple excision
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Which breeds are predisposed to sebaceous gland tumors?
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-beagles
-cocker spaniel -dachshund -poodles |
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What are the characteristics of an apocrine gland tumor in a dog?
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-benign (carcinoma is rare)
-may be cystic (from sweat gland obstruction -solitary, firm, fluctuant -clear fluid -no tx needed |
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What are hepatoid glands?
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Modified sebaceous glands
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Perianal (hepatoid gland) tumors arise in intact male dogs, in what areas of the body?
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-anus
-tail -prepuce -thighs -dorsal/lumbar area |
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What tx is recommended for perianal gland tumor?
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Castration
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What condition do anal sac apocrine gland tumors often produce, and what is the prognosis?
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-hypercalcemia
-poor prognosis -usually occur in older bitches |
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Describe a fibrosarcoma.
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Firm, local infiltrating mass
-occurs in dogs and cats |
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How often do post-vaccinal sarcomas occur in cats?
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1/10000
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Post-vaccinal sarcomas are associated with which vaccines?
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Rabies and FeLV esp when given repeatedly in the same site
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What is the recommendation course of action if occurrence is at that site?
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Limb amputation
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Lipomas are extremely common in older dogs. When should a lipoma be removed?
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Only when it interferes with function
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A hemangiopericytoma , in an older dog, tend to be located where?
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Limbs
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A histiocytoma is a tumor of what cells?
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Epidermal Langerhan’s cells
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Histiocytoma occurs in what type of dog?
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young, smooth coated, and at points of contact suggesting an infective etiology
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A histiocytoma is fast-growing and often ulcerate…is this tuomor malignant or benign?
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Benign-spontaneous resolution in 2 months occurs
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Histiocytoma is difficult to differentiate from what other tumor?
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Cutaneous lymphoma
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How is definitive dx achieved?
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Immunophenotyping
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Cutaneous histiocytosis is seen in many breeds esp collies and Shetland sheepdogs…is it a tumor?
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No- non-neoplastic proliferation of dermal dendritic cells
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Dx of cutaneous histiocytosis is made by bx (not easy), how is it treated?
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Corticosteroids (may require maintenance therapy)
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Mast cell tumors occur often in which species and are often malignant?
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Dogs
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What is the appearance of a mast cell tumor?
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-smooth, dome-shaped well-demarcated hairless lesion
Soft, fluctuant intradermal mass within haired skin |
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How is a mast cell tumor dx?
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FNA
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What sx technique may prevent recurrence of a mast cell tumor?
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-wide excision
-injection of distilled H2O into surgery site |
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What pre-surgical prophylaxis should you take when excising a mast cell tumor?
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Give H1 and H2 blockers to protect against histamine release
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Non-epitheliotropic lymphomas usually present with what appearance?
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Multiple firm, usually alopecic nodules
Usually T-cell |
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Non-epitheliotropic lymphomas may be associated with what other condition?
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Hypercalcemia
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What is the tx for Non-epitheliotropic lymphomas and what is the prognosis?
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-combination chemotherapy
-poor prognosis, 8 month median survival |
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What is another term for epitheliotropic lymphomas?
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Mycosis fungoides
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What is the appearance of epitheliotropic lymphomas?
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Varies widely…can be focal or more generalized erythroderma, as plaques or as nodules
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epitheliotropic lymphomas are usually misdiagnosed as what?
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Seborrhea or allergy
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epitheliotropic lymphomas have a better prognosis then non-epitheliotropic…how are they tx?
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-combo chemo
-topical nitrogen mustard |
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What are the most common sites for malignant melanoma of the dog and cat?
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-oral cavity
-nail beds -limbs |
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How is malignant melanoma treated?
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-radical, early excision
-combo chemo |
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What is the appearance of a benign melanoma?
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-solitary, brown/black flesh nodules with predilection for the head, trunk and paws
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What is the course of action for tx benign melanoma?
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Wide surgical excision
(benign tumors may metastasize |
