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283 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the anatomical position in veterinary medicine?
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Standing on 4 limbs
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A structure closer to or further from the median plane is _______ or _______, respectively.
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medial or lateral
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A part is ______ if it is in front of another part or closer to the head.
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Cranial
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What head term corresponds to "cranial" in the rest of the body?
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Rostral
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What is the part closer to the tail or farther from the head?
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Caudal
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For what is the term dorsal used?
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The surface of the body away from the ground and below the proximal carpus and tarsus directed toward the head
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What surface of the body faces the ground?
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Ventral
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What surface below the "top" of the carpus/ tarsus are directed toward the tail or ground?
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Palmar/ Plantar
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What is the name of the surface opposite the palmar/ plantar surface?
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Dorsal
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What terms are used for a part distal from its point of origin or near the surface?
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Peripheral
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What terms are used for a part closer to or farther from a point of attachment or to the trunk, respectively?
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Proximal or distal
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What is the term for a structure closer to/ further from the longitudinal axis of a limb?
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Axial and abaxial
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Where is the axis of a limb in relationship to the digits?
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Between the 3rd and 4th digits
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What is the term for being closer to the outer surface of a structure?
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External
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What is the term for being closer to the center of the structure?
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Internal
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What plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions?
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Sagittal plane
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What sagittal section divides the body into equal right and left portions?
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Median plane or mid-sagittal plane
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What plane divides the body into cranial and caudal parts?
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Transverse
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The body is divided into the dorsal and ventral portions by a _____ plane.
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Frontal (Dorsal) plane
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What are sections?
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Cuts through the planes of the body
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A _______ plane cuts an organ or limb at a right angle to its long axis. These are usually called_______ ________.
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Transverse; cross section
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What section cuts parallel to the long axis of an organ or limb?
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Longitudinal section
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What section cuts through a transverse plane?
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Transverse section or cross section
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The human term "anterior" corresponds with what veterinary term?
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Cranial on limbs, rostral face and ventral body
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Where are "superior" and "inferior" used in veterinary medicine?
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For the eyes and some other head structures (replacing dorsal and ventral)
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The human term "posterior" corresponds with ____ and _____.
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Caudal (limbs and head);
Dorsal (body) |
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The skeleton can be divided into _____ and ______ portions.
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Axial and appendicular
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Name the three parts of the axial skeleton.
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Skull, vertebral column, thorax
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The vertebral column consists of what five regions?
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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal
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Of what does the appendicular skeleton consist?
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limb bones and bones connecting them to the axial skeleton
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What connects the thoracic girdle to the axial skeleton?
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Muscle Attachments (synsarcosis)
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The arm (brachium) possesses what bone?
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Humerus
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The radius and ulna form the skeleton of what area?
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Forearm or antebrachium
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Carpal bones make up what structure of the limb?
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Carpus (human wrist)
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The tarsus, metatarsus and digits make up the _______.
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Pes (human foot)
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What is the common name for the tarsus?
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Hock
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What makes up the hock or tarsus?
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Tarsal hock
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The pelvic girdle is made up of which two bones?
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Illium, pubis, ischium
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The femur is located in which region of the pelvic limb?
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Thigh
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List the 5 types of bones according to shape.
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Short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, and long bones
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Give an example of each type of bone according to the 5 shapes?
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Short (carpals),
Long (Humerus, most bones), irregular (vertebral) Flat (Facial), Sesamoid (Patella) |
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What is the smooth layer of hyaline cartilage over the joint ends of bones?
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Articular cartilage
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What are the parts of the long bone?
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2 ends Epiphysis;
body: diaphysis |
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What joins the diaphysis to the epiphysis in mature bones?
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Metaphysis
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In growing bone, where does lengthening take place?
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Epiphyseal/ growth plate or physis
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Name the fibrous covering of bone not covered by articular cartilage.
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Periosteum
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What layer of bone is necessary for bone growth, repair, nutrition, and attachment of ligaments and tendons?
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Periosteum
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What do radiologist often call the epiphyseal plate?
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Physis
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The structure of the bone can be either ____ or ______.
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Compact or Spongy (cancellous)
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What is the three dimentional lattice of bone spicules of spongy bone?
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Trabeculae
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What is the name of the process of bone formation?
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Osteogenesis
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What are the two possible methods of osteogenesis?
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Intramembranous & endochondral
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In the endochondral ossification, where are the centers of ossification located?
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Diaphysis and 2 epiphyses
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As the centers of ossification of long bones expand, they replace all the cartilaginous model, expect which parts?
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Epiphyseal plates and the articular cartilage
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Lengthening of long bones occurs in what area?
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outer growth plate (epiphseal side of plate)
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What does lengthening of long bones cease?
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When cartilage cells cease to divide and physis is completely replaced by bone
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What are the two different types of growth plates? Give an example of each?
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Traction (calcaneous) and Compression (most of the rest)
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What type of physes contributes the most to lengthening of a long bone?
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Compression, not traction
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What is any prominent, roughened projection from a bone?
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Process
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What is a large, knuckle-like articular prominence?
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Condyle
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A ______ is a tube-like canal through a bone.
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Meatus
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What is the pulley-shaped structure of the femur?
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Trochlea
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What is a prominence above a condyle?
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Epicondyle
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A _______ is an opening through a bone.
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Foreman
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Structural classification groups joints according to their _______ _______.
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Uniting medium
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What are the 3 types of uniting medium
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Fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
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What functional classifications of joints indicate the degree of motion?
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Immovable, slightly movable and freely movable
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A suture is what type of structural joint? Functional (movement)?
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Fibrous (immovable)
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Where are the symphyseal joints found?
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Generally on the midline of the body
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What is the configuration of the shoulder joint?
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Ball and socket joint (spheroidal)
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List the joints of the carpus.
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Antebrachiocarpal joint,
Middle carpal joint, Carpometacarpal joint, Intercarpal joint |
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What are the two joints between the phalanges of each main digit?
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Proximal interdigital and Distal interdigital
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With what do the proximal ends of the ribs articulate? Distal Ends?
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Thoracic vertebrae; Sternum
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Name the fibrocartilages between the bodies of adjacent vertebre.
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Intervertebral discs
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What elastic connective tissue structure attaches the 1st thoracic spine to the spine of the axis (C2) in the dog?
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Nuchal ligament
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What elastic tissue fills the dorsal space between the arches of adjacent vertebrae?
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Ligamentum flavum,
Interarcuate, or yellow ligament |
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What connects the heads of a pair of opposite ribs, crossing the dorsal part of the intervertebral discs?
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Intercapital ligament
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What is the relatively immovable joint between the sacrum and the ilium?
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Sacroiliac joint
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Name the ball and socket joint of the pelvic limb.
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Hip joint or coxal joint
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What is the compound condylar joint between the femur, patella, and the tibia?
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Stifle
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What are the fibrocartilaginous discs between the condyles of the femur and the tibia?
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Medial and lateral menisci
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How are the cruciate ligaments that attach the femur and tibia named?
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For their attachment to the tibia
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List the joints of the hock/ tarsus.
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Proximal intertarsal joint,
Distal intertarsal joint, Tarsometatarsal joint |
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What plate of fibrocartilage partically or completely divides the joint cavity of the stifle and temporomandibular joint?
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Meniscus
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How are synovial joints classified by their number of articular surfaces?
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Into simple and compound
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A _______ or ________ joint allows flexion and extension.
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Ginglymus or hinge joint
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What type of motion does a plane joint allow?
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Simple gliding and sliding motion
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What type of synovial joint allows universal movement?
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Ball and Socket/ spheroidal
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Most of the joints of the thoracic and pelvic limb have what type of ligament? Which joints don't?
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Collateral ligaments; shoulder and hips
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Define movement of abduction and adduction.
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ADduction: towards (adds to) body; ABduction: takes away from body
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Define supination and pronation.
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Supination: palmar surface doral
Pronantion: Palmar surface ventral |
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Rotation is movement of a part around its _______ axis.
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Longitudinal axis
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What is the movement of an extremity in a plane describing the surface of a cone?
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Circumduction
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What motion moves a part forward? Backward?
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Protraction; Retraction
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What is the bending of the spinal column dorsally or ventrally?
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Dorsal or ventral flexion
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Superficial fascia is another name often used for the _______.
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Subcutis
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What structural type of joint is characterized by its mobility?
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Synovial
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What characterizes a synovial joint?
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Mobility, articular cartilage, joint capsule (synovial membrane and Fibrous capsule), synovial fluid, joint cavity
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Of what does the joint capsule of a synovial joint consist?
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Outer fibrous layer & inner synovial layer (membrane)
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What covers the articular ends of the bones?
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Articular cartilage, usually hyaline cartilage
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What are the strong bands of white fibrous tissue uniting bones?
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ligaments
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What saclike structure is found between different tissues?
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Bursa
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What is the function of a bursa?
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Reduce friction between structures
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What is the function of a synovial sheath?
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Reduces friction on a tendon as it crosses a number of joints
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The skin consists of what 2 layers?
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Epidermis and dermis
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The two layers of skin (dermis and epidermis) lie on the _________.
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Subcutaneous layer, superficial fascia, subcutis; hypodermis, SQ or SC
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The ______ consists of collagenous and elastic connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve fibers, glands, and hair follicles.
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Dermis
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How does the epidermis receive nutrition?
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Blood vessels in the dermis
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What is the modified epidermis enclosing the dog's ungual process?
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Claw
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Name the toughest skin of carnivores.
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Pads
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Name a pathological, fluid-filled space between the epidermis and dermis.
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Blister
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What are the different types of muscles?
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Striated (skeletal & cardiac),
unstriated (smooth) muscle |
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What muscle types are involuntary?
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Smooth & cardiac muscles
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What type of muscles are voluntary?
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Skeletal
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What are the two attachments of skeletal muscles?
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Origin & insertion
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What are the flat attachments of flat muscles (ex. abdomenal muscles)?
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Aponeuroses
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What attaches of muscle to a bone?
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Tendon running through the entire muscles
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What structure attaches two bones?
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Ligament
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What do muscles actions depend upon?
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How they cross a joint, number of joints crossed & shape of joint
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What is the fascia deep to the superficial fascia surrounding and compartmentalizing the muscles?
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Deep fascia
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What is the loose irregular connective tissue deep to the skin?
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Superficial fascia, SQ tissue, subcutis
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What local thickening of the deep fascia hold tendons in place?
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Retinaculum
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What is the proper name of the arm pit?
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Axilla
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What is the proper name of the arm?
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Brachium
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What is the proper name for the forearm?
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Antebrachium
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What structure does the carpus, metacarpus, and digits compose?
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Manus
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What is the area between the back legs on the stomach?
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Inguinal region
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Where would you find the tibia and fibula?
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Crus or true leg (gaskin)
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What is the distal part of the hindlimb consisting of the tarus, metatarsus and digits called? What does it correspond to in humans?
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Pes, the human foot
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What is the common name for the tarsus (ankle in humans)?
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Hock
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What makes the point of the shoulder?
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Greater tubercle
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What forms the point of the elbow?
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Olecranon
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What forms the point of the hock?
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Calcaneus bone
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What part of the body closes the pelvic outlet and is around the terminal parts of the urogenital and digestive tracts?
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Perineum
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What are whirls of hair in certain areas called?
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Vortices "cowlick"
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What are the long course hairs sensory to touch called?
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Tactile hair or vibrissae
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What is another name for eyelids?
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Palpebrae
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What is the upper and lower eyelids called, respectively?
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Superior and inferior palpebrum
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What is the flap of skin inside the medial part of the eyelids?
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Third eyelid (nictitating membrane)
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How can you get the third eyelid to cross the eye for examination?
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Open the palpebral fissure & press the eyeball through the upper lid
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What is the general structure rostral to the eye called?
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Muzzle
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What is capillary refill time?
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Time for the mucous membrane to regain its color after being pressed.
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What remains of the entrance of the umbilical cord?
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Umbilicus or belly button (faint scar)
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Of what does the bony thorax consist?
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Thoracic vertebrae, ribs & sternum
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What is the opening into the thorax?
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Thoracic inlet (1st thoracic vertebra, right and left ribs and sternum)
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Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
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(2nd) 3rd to (5th) 6th intercostal space in the bottom 2/3rds of the cavity
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What is the name of the space between two adjacent ribs?
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intercostal space
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What do the costal cartilages of the ribs caudal to the sternum form?
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Costal arch
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Name the crainal most sternebrae.
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Manubrium
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What is the caudal end of the sternum which is made of cartilage.
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Xiphoid process
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What tough, thickened common integument does a dog walk on?
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Foot pads
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What is the very large, single, triangular-shaped pad palmar to the metacarpo/ metatarsophalangeal junction?
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metacarpals/ metatarsal pad
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Name the rudimentary first digits on the fore- and sometimes hindlimbs.
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Dew claws
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What is the flap of cartilage and skin of the visible part of the ear?
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Pinna
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What are the two parts of the external ear canal?
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Vertical and horizontal parts
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What is the pocket of skin in the caudal edge of the ear?
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Cutaneous pouch
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What is the sac-like appendage housing the testicles?
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Scrotum
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What is one or both testicles not descending into the scrotum called?
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Cryptorchidism
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What is the sheath of skin covering the penius?
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Prepuce
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What is the external genitalia of the female?
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Vuvla (labia plus clitoris)
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What is the female counterpart to the scrotum?
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Labia
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Where is the clitoris found?
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In the ventral commissure of the labia
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What covers the trachea in the cranial neck?
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Only strap muscles
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List the lobes of the dog's lungs.
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Left (2): cranial & caudal lobes
Right (4): cranial, middle, caudal, & accessory |
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Name the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart.
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Pericardium
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What is the term for ventricular contraction?
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Ventricular systole
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What is ventricular diastole?
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When the ventricles relax & fill with blood.
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What is a serosa (serous membrane)?
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A thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity & covering the cavity's organs
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What serosa covers walls of a cavity?
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Parietal serosa
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What serosa covers an organ?
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Visceral serosa
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What connects parietal and visceral with visceral serosa?
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Connecting serosa
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What are the serous membranes of the pericardial cavity, thorax, abdomen, spermatic cord called, respectively?
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Pericardial: Pericardium
Thorax: Pleura Abdomen: Peritoneum Spermatic Cord: Vaginal tunics |
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What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?
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Cranial & spinal nerves & ganglia
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What are the two impulses of the nervous system?
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Sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent)
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Name the four divisions of the spinal cord.
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar & sacral
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Where does the spinal cord end in the dogs?
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Dog L6 (6-7)
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What are the two types of neurons of the somatic motor nervous system?
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UMN (upper motor neuron) & LMN (lower motor neuron)
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What are carried in the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord?
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Ascending: sensory
Descending: motor |
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Functionally what does the somatic nervous system do?
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Carries voluntary information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
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Which functional division of the NS keeps the body in balance with its external and internal environment, respectively?
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External: somatic
Internal: autonomic (ANS) |
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How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) work?
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Carries involuntary information to and from the CNS to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
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How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) work?
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Without conscious effect
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What structures does the ANS (autonomic nervous system) regulate?
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Smooth & cardiac muscles and glands
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
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What is the function of each division of the ANS?
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Parasympathetic: energy conserving ("couch potato")
Sympathetic: energy expending ("flight or fight") |
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What is the "flight or fight" division of the ANS?
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Sympathetic
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The visceral effectors of the ANS usually have a _________ innervation.
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Dual
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The actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions usually have ______ effects on their visceral effectors.
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Opposite
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How does the ANS differ structurally from the somatic nervous system?
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Two motor (efferent) fibers instead of one
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What is the parasympathetic innervation to the thorax and most of the abdomen?
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Vagus
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What is the sympathetic innervation to the pelvis? Parasympathetic?
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Hypogastric nn.; Pelvic nerve
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Name the cranial nerves.
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Olfactory (1),
Optic (2), Oculomotor (3), Trochlear (4), Trigeminal (5), Abducens (6), Facial (7), Vestibulocochlear (8), Glossopharyngeal (9), Vagus (10), Accessory (11), Hypoglossal (12) |
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What cranial nerve is entirely sensory, dealing with vision?
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Optic nerve (2)
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What cranial nerve innervates the majority of the skin of the head?
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Trigeminal (5)
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What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
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Facial (7)
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What are the most important functions of the facial nerve clinically?
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Motor to obicularis oculi muscle & lacrimal gland (dry eye)
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What type of nerve is the hypoglossal (12)? What does it innervate?
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Motor nerve (somatic);
Tongue |
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How do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column?
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Through intervertebral foramen
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Ventral branches of spinal nerves interlace to form________.
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Plexuses
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What vessels travel toward the heart?
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Vein
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What vessels travel away from the heart?
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Arteries
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What vein returns blood from the head, neck, thoracic limb and cranial part of the thoracic cavity walls of the right atrium?
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Cranial vena cava
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What vein returns blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb?
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Caudal vena cava
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What are the chambers of the heart in the order they receive blood?
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Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left atrium
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What side of the heart is part of the pulmonic circulation?
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Right side
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What side of the heart is part of the systemic circulation?
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Left side
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What carries blood from the right heart to the lungs?
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Pulmonary trunk & Pulmonary artery
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What returns blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart?
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Pulmonary veins
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What is the outflow of the heart (left side) to the body?
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Aorta
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In the carnivores, what are the branches of the aortic arch?
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Brachiocephalic & left subclavian
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What arteries travel up the neck to supply the head and face?
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Common carotid aa.
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What vein returns blood from the head and neck?
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External jugular
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What part of the aorta is divided into thoracic and abdominal parts?
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descending aorta
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What is the main artery in the brachium (arm)?
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Brachial artery
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Where is the cephalic vein located?
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On the cranial surface of the forearm
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Name the three unpaired branches to the abdominal viscera of the abdominal aorta?
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Celiac, cranial, & caudal mesenteric aa.
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Name the main branches of the terminal aorta.
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External iliac, internal iliac & median sacral
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What terminal branch of the aorta supplies the pelvic viscera and part of the hip and thigh?
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Internal iliac a.
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What are the terminal branches of the internal iliac artery?
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Internal pudendal & caudal gluteal aa.
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What is the main branch to the pelvic viscera? And specifically to the uterus?
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Vaginal or prostatic artery;
Uterine artery off vaginal |
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What is arthritis?
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inflammation of a joint
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What is an osseous (bony) outgrowth seen radiographically?
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Osteophyte
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What is the term for an increase in the density of a bone?
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Sclerosis
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What is immobility and consolidation of a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure?
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Ankylosis
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What is destruction of a bone, seen as reduced density (blacker)?
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Lysis
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What is a luxation or a dislocation?
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Complete loss of contact between the articular surface of a joint
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Define a subluxation
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Partial loss of contact between articular surfaces of a joint
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Why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis?
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Phrenic nerve to the diaphragm arises from the brachial plexus.
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What is the panniculus (cutaneous trunci) response?
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Contraction of the cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of the trunk
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What is the reflex arch for the panniculus response?
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Sensation from the skin of the trunk over the thoracic & lumbar spinal n. to the spinal cord, up cord to the lateral thoracic n., out to the cutaneous trunci m.
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Clinically what is the panniculus response used to evaluate?
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Level of the thoracic spinal cord damage.
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The __________ consists of collagenous and elastic connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve fibers, glands and hair follicles.
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Dermis
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How does the epidermis receive nutrition?
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Blood vessels in the dermis.
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Name the modified epidermis enclosing the ungual process in carnivores.
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Claw.
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Name the toughest skin of carnivores.
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Pads.
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Define paralysis.
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Complete loss of motor activity.
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Define paresis.
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Weakness, partial loss of voluntary motor activity
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What is the definition of proprioception.
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Sensing movements & position of body parts.
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What does contralateral and ipsilateral mean?
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Contralateral - opposite side.
Ipsilateral - same side |
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Why is paralysis of the obiscularis oculi and loss of lacrimation the most vital results of facial nerve paralysis?
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Drying of the eye, animals not vain (facial paralysis)
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What is the air in the thorax called?
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Pneumothorax
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What is the surgical opening of the trachea to the outside?
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Tracheostomy
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Where does blood back up into when the right heart is damaged?
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Body (venae cavae - ascites, jugular pulse)
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Where does blood back up into in left heart failure?
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lungs
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Where is the heart located in relationship to the intercostal spaces?
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Between 2(3)-5(6) intercostal space
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How does the olecranon and the intercostal space relate when standing?
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Olecranon roughly at the 5th intercostal space or 5th rib
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What is a memory aid for the heart valve's point of maximum intensity?
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PaM 345, rt. AV: low 5th rt
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What is the easiest vein to use for venipuncture?
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Cephalic vein
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How do you raise the cephalic vein on a restrained dog?
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Crus of thumb behind elbow & index finger over cranial elbow & pull slightly lateral to straighten out vein
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What superficial vein used for venipuncture, travels up the lateral side of the hind limb to disappear behind the stifle?
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Lateral saphenous vein
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What vein in the head can be punctured during surgery when other vessels are not accessible?
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Lingual vein
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What vessels supply the ventral abdominal wall? Where do they run?
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Cranial & caudal epigastric aa.;
On the ventral abdomen, on either side of the midline |
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What termination branch of the aorta is the main supply to the pelvic limb?
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External iliac artery
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What is the direct continuation of the external iliac artery out of the abdominal cavity to the pelvic limb for which it is the main supply?
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Femoral artery
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What are the superficial veins of the pelvic limb?
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Medial & lateral saphenous vv.
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What vein is on either side of the ventral surface of the tongue?
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Lingual vein, sublingual vein on the floor of the mouth
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Where are the growing long bones prone to fracture?
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Physis
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How are physeal fractures classified? Why?
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Salter-Harris fractures;
Prognosis |
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What does DJD stand for?
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Degenerative joint disease
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What is valgus and varus? How do you remember which is which?
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vaLgus: lateral deviation of bones past joint
varus: medial deviation of bones past joint |
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Name three of four common sources to harvest cancellous bone?
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Tibial tuberosity, greater tubercle of the humerus, greater trochanter of the femur, wing of the ileum
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Broken bones are called?
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Fractures
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What fractures do and do not penetrate through the skin?
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Simple don't
Compound - do |
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What fracture is pushed inward?
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Depressed
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Name a fracture where the bone is splintered into many fragments
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Comminuted
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Healing of a fracture begins with the formation of a ______.
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Callus
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What is infection of a bone called?
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Osteomyelitis
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What is an unhealed fracture, having all structures of a synovial joint?
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false joint
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What is an articular separation called?
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Luxation, subluxation, or dislocation
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Inflammation of a bursa is called __________.
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Bursitis
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What is a disturbance of endochondral ossification of articular cartilage?
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Osteochondrosis
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What is the most common site of osteochondrosis in dog
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Shoulder - head of the humerus
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What is the composition of most long bones at birth
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Bone capped with articular cartilage, the 2 cartilage discs between diaphysis, and the 2 epiphyses
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During growth how does the physis appear radiographically?
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As a radiolucent line (dark line)
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What should not be mistaken for fractures radiographically?
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Phseal lines or sesamoid bones
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The different views _____________ different sides of the bones.
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Silhouette/highlight
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What does the lateral view silhouette?
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Cranial & Caudal surfaces of bone
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Since cartilage can't be seen radiographically, how is it evaluated?
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Check subchondral bone
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What is the space between bones seen in a radiograph?
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Joint space & articular cartilage
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Is cartilage seen radiographically?
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No, only inferred
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What is osteochondrosis?
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Defect in endochondral ossification which causes the deeper layers of articular cartilage to die.
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List the joints affected by osteochondrosis in the dog.
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Shoulder (caudal head), Elbow (medial condyle of the humerus), Stifle (medial or lateral femoral condyl), tarsus (medial trochlea or talus)
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