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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Does PD get worse with aging?
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yes
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Causes of PD?
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Aging
Environmental toxins - rural farming, well water, chemicals Oxidative stress Genetic factors Viruses |
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What % of PD worldwide is genetic?
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10%
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Essay....Why would L-dopa cause vomiting?
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L-dopa is converted to DA in the periphery, which stimulates the area postrema (vomiting center).
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Gold standard for PD treatment?
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Simemet
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PD is the likely result of what 2 factors?
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genetic predisposition and environmental exposure
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In Park 1, a single nucleotide change occurs in what protein found in Lewy bodies of PD patients?
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alpha-synuclein (may be involved in trafficking of DA vesicles)
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Explain the rural hypothesis of PD onset.
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Pesticides and herbicides in large concentrations in well water, could set off an already existing genetic predisposition for PD.
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PD can result from destruction/damage to what resulting in substantia nigra and locus ceruleus cell death?
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By bacteria going after the proteosome or MPTP going after the mitochondria of these cells.
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Describe oxidative stress theory.
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Chemicals can cause cascade of bad things...causative factors are MPTP and dopamine.
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General mechanism of MPTP.
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Found in a synthetic demerol. MPTP crosses the BBB, and completely destroys the substantia nigra resulting in PD symptoms.
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Chemicals useful in creating animal models for PD.
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Reserpine and MPTP
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MPTP is taken up by what type of cell?
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astrocytes. Astrocytes convert MPTP to MPP+(toxic) with MAO-B (inhibitors of MAO-B may help PD).
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What is the toxic compound of MPTP action?
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MPP+. DA transporter mistakes it as DA and takes it into the cell, poisoning the mitochondria.
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What enzyme is missing in PD patients that typically neutralizes hydrogen peroxide from DA breakdown?
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Glutathione.
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Cause DNA damage, Ca++ entry into cell, and lipid memb. breakdown.
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hydroxyl free radicals. Activate degradative enzymes dissolving cell from inside out.
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________ are formed by an accumulation of mutated alpha-synuclein.
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Lewy bodies. In PD, the cell can't get rid of synuclein.
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Result of a non-functional or absent proteosome.
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Build-up of undesired proteins in the cell. Lewy body as well.
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A chemical used by the mitochondrion in the ETC that can slow PD progression by 30%.
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Coenzyme Q10
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Can "bring cells back to life" but can't cross BBB.
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Glial-derived neurotrophic factor.
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Ideas in PD gene therapy.
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Blocking GABA, increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (or DA), and GDNF.
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Deep brain stimulation here will improve symptoms for what condition(s)?
a. Vim b. Gpi c. STN |
a. tremor
b. dystonia c. Parkinson's symptoms |
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Why aren't pallidotomies and thalamotomies ideal?
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The lesions will heal, causing symptoms to return. Also, if done bilaterally will cause side effect profile to go up.
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Did adrenal gland transplants for PD work?
Did DA-producing fibroblasts? |
Um...NO and NO.
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Side effect of using fetal stem cells for PD.
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Produced "off" dyskinesia in absence of L-dopa treatment. (From scripts) this seems like it is "on" and "off" symptoms...rigidity and immobility paired with chorea.
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Excessive amounts of L-dopa can cause what?
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ON dyskinesia.
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Therapy using DA-producing retinal epithelial cells grown on plastic beads injected into the brain.
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Spheramine.
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Number of contacts in the STN for deep brain stimulation.
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four
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