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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anaerobes:
> bacteria that require a __ O2 tension for their growth; presence of O2 is either inhibitory or __ to these organisms > predominant normal microbial flora in the body; __ the aerobic bacteria like in the GIT Bacteria anaerobes outnumber the facultative anaerobic bacterin (E. Coli) by a ratio of 1000:1 |
> zero, toxic
> outnuber |
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Major divisions of anaerobes:
A. __-forming anaerobes B. __-forming anaerobes |
A. spore
B. nonspore |
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In general most pathogenic anaerobes are destructive, the lesions produced may be:
1. tissue/ __ 2. foul smelling (__ odor) discharges and __ drainage 3. manifestation of gas in soft tissues = __ |
1. necrosis
2. putrid, purulent 3. crepitation |
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Laboratory Dx:
> for anaerobes, specimens for microbiologic study are taken directly from a site normally sterile > specimen that cannot be used: 1. __ urine 2. __ 3. __ > recommended collection technique: needle __ > special transport or collection tube (__-out tube) > incubated in anaerobic gas __ jar > procedure 1. __ staining 2. culture *anaerobes are very fastidious, requires enriched medium (__ meat medium) |
1. voided
2. feces 3. sputum > aspiration > gas > pak 1. gram * cooked |
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Spore-forming Anaerobes: Clostridium
1. Clostridium __ 2. Clostridium __ 3. Clostridium __ 4. Clostridium __ |
1. tetani
2. perfringens 3. difficile 4. botulinium |
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Clostridium tetani (tetanus bacilli)
> gram + spore forming bacilli; __ spore with characteristic "__" or "__ racket" appearance > most possess __ flagella; therefore motile > best method to destroy this organism is by __ > normally found in the __, __ of lower animals (horses) and humans |
> terminal, drumstick, tennis
> peritrichous > autoclave > soil, intestine |
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Pathogenicity:
release a powerful __, a neurotoxin known as __ which has affinity to the tissues of CNS; responsible for the s/s of tetanus; organism does __ invade the blood stream |
exotoxin, tetanospasmin, not
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Clinical infection: __ or __ or __
Mode of transmission: 1. punctured __ contaminated with Cl. tetani 2. tetanus __ = infected __ Incubation Period: Short IP = _-_ days Long IP = _-_ weeks Clinical Manifestations: > neuromuscular __ = __ > risus __ (__ grin) = clenching of __ > hyperextension of __ and __ = __ * painful muscle spasms often provoked by the slightest stimulation (noise, touch, movement, light) Immunity: __ |
tetanus, lockjaw, trismus
1. wound 2. neonatorum, umbilicus 3-21 4-5 > spasms, lockjaw > sardonicus (sardonic), jaw > neck, body, opisthotonus none |
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Prevention and Control:
1. thorough cleansing of wound; __ necrotic areas 2. __ imunization * __ vaccine-schedule * tetanus __ immunization of __ mothers 3. __ immunization * ATS (horse serum) * __ tetanus serum |
1. debride
2. active, DPT, toxoid, pregnant 3. passive, hyperimmune |
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Clostridium perfringens (histotoxic Clostridia)
> aka Clostridial __ (__ gangrene) > also causes __ poisoning > central/__ spore > found in __, __ of humans and animals > infection is acquired through __ wounds/ __ injuries |
> gas
> food > subterminal > soil, intestines > lacerated, traumatic |
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Clinical infections:
1. wound and soft tissue infections > Clostirdium perfringens is responsible for _-_ of Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) > Brought about by the release of exotoxin called a-toxin which is cytotoxic --> attack mm --> necrosis with accuulation of fluid and gas. This can occur in the extremities, intestines, and uterus 2. food poisoning > due to the production of __ > ingestion of contaminated __ > manifestations appear _-_ hrs after ingestion, with abdominal pain and diarrhea, lasting for _-_ hrs |
60-90%
enterotoxins meat 8-24, 12-18 |
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Clostridium difficile
> causes diarrhea or a more severe pseudomembrane __ associated with administration of certain antibiotics (__, __) |
enterocolitis, penicillin, clindamycin
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Clostridium botulinum
> produces the most __ exototxin known as __ is responsible for the s/s of __ = a fatal __ disease Botulism * results from ingestion of preformed botulinium toxin in contaminated food (improperly canned or preserved food) * heating of food __ toxin * IP is _-_ hrs * earliest manifestation: -- weakness, dizziness, and sever dryness of mouth -- __ of mm of __, __, and __ -- death occurs between _-_ days |
> potent, neurotoxin botulism, neuroparalytic
* destroys * 18-36 - paralysis vision, swallowing, RR - 3-7 |
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Clinical infections:
1. wound and soft tissue infections > Clostirdium perfringens is responsible for _-_ of Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) > Brought about by the release of exotoxin called a-toxin which is cytotoxic --> attack mm --> necrosis with accuulation of fluid and gas. This can occur in the extremities, intestines, and uterus 2. food poisoning > due to the production of __ > ingestion of contaminated __ > manifestations appear _-_ hrs after ingestion, with abdominal pain and diarrhea, lasting for _-_ hrs |
60-90%
enterotoxins meat 8-24, 12-18 |
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Nonspore forming anaerobes
> consist mainly of G + and - cocci and bacilli Asteroids Fragilis * the most important * G - rods, nonspore forming * important cause of __ smelling __ and ulcers (esp in __ sores in bedridden patients) |
* foul, abscesses, bed
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Clostridium difficile
> causes diarrhea or a more severe pseudomembrane __ associated with administration of certain antibiotics (__, __) |
enterocolitis, penicillin, clindamycin
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Clostridium botulinum
> produces the most __ exototxin known as __ is responsible for the s/s of __ = a fatal __ disease Botulism * results from ingestion of preformed botulinium toxin in contaminated food (improperly canned or preserved food) * heating of food __ toxin * IP is _-_ hrs * earliest manifestation: -- weakness, dizziness, and sever dryness of mouth -- __ of mm of __, __, and __ -- death occurs between _-_ days |
> potent, neurotoxin botulism, neuroparalytic
* destroys * 18-36 - paralysis vision, swallowing, RR - 3-7 |
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Clinical infections:
1. wound and soft tissue infections > Clostirdium perfringens is responsible for _-_ of Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) > Brought about by the release of exotoxin called a-toxin which is cytotoxic --> attack mm --> necrosis with accuulation of fluid and gas. This can occur in the extremities, intestines, and uterus 2. food poisoning > due to the production of __ > ingestion of contaminated __ > manifestations appear _-_ hrs after ingestion, with abdominal pain and diarrhea, lasting for _-_ hrs |
60-90%
enterotoxins meat 8-24, 12-18 |
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Nonspore forming anaerobes
> consist mainly of G + and - cocci and bacilli Asteroids Fragilis * the most important * G - rods, nonspore forming * important cause of __ smelling __ and ulcers (esp in __ sores in bedridden patients) |
* foul, abscesses, bed
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Clostridium difficile
> causes diarrhea or a more severe pseudomembrane __ associated with administration of certain antibiotics (__, __) |
enterocolitis, penicillin, clindamycin
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Clostridium botulinum
> produces the most __ exototxin known as __ is responsible for the s/s of __ = a fatal __ disease Botulism * results from ingestion of preformed botulinium toxin in contaminated food (improperly canned or preserved food) * heating of food __ toxin * IP is _-_ hrs * earliest manifestation: -- weakness, dizziness, and sever dryness of mouth -- __ of mm of __, __, and __ -- death occurs between _-_ days |
> potent, neurotoxin botulism, neuroparalytic
* destroys * 18-36 - paralysis vision, swallowing, RR - 3-7 |
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Nonspore forming anaerobes
> consist mainly of G + and - cocci and bacilli Asteroids Fragilis * the most important * G - rods, nonspore forming * important cause of __ smelling __ and ulcers (esp in __ sores in bedridden patients) |
* foul, abscesses, bed
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