Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Benefits of effective contraception |
-improves maternal health -woman can gain education and enter workforce -less financial strain -many teen mothers live in poverty, receive welfare, don't finish high school, and are more likely to have another child within 2 years; teen fathers often can't pay child support |
|
|
Ancient birth control |
-ingesting silphium, mercury, arsenic -inserting psecial tampons -practising intra-crural intercourse (thighs) -reusable linen and intestine condoms -infanticide |
|
|
Contraception in Canada |
-initially illegal, only the rich could afford the under-the-table methods -birth control advocacy started in 20's and baby boom increased concerns for pop control -Trudeau removed contraception from criminal code |
|
|
China's one child policy |
-successful for population control and improving economy and health -may be dangerous for poor women -forced abortions, neglect or murder of baby girls |
|
|
Hormonal contraceptives |
-inhibit ovulation, thins endometrium and / or consistency of cervical mucous -don't need to think about during intercourse, regulates menstrual cycle -don't protect against STIs Perfect = 0.3%, Typical = 8% |
|
|
Combination hormonal contraceptives |
-decrease acne, decrease PMS, decrease risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer -can cause spotting, tender breasts, headaches, nausea, weight gain, mood swings, and lowered libido |
|
|
Oral pill |
Usage: taken daily, break every 21 days for menstruation Pros: easy Cons: may forget |
|
|
Transdermal Patch |
Usage: applied on skin every week for 3 weeks, then break for menstruation Pros: only once a week Cons: not discrete, can cause rash |
|
|
NuvaRing |
Usage: inserted in cervix for 3 weeks then removed after 1 week Pros: only once a month Cons: discomfort, vaginitis |
|
|
Progestin-only hormonal contraceptives |
-for women who can't tolerate estrogen methods, women over 35, smokers, breastfeeding women -could cause irregular bleeding and other side effects |
|
|
Mini-pill |
Usage: daily pill without breaks for menstruation Pros: easy Cons: must be taken at exact time every day |
|
|
Depo-Provera |
Usage: intramuscular injection by professional every 3 months Pros: infrequent, reduced risk of endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and CPP Cons: weight gain, mood swings, decrease in bone mineral density |
|
|
Levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine system (LNG-IUS) |
Usage: t-shaped device with slow-release hormone inserted into uterus with plastic string hanging out of vagina Pros: good for 5 years, low hormone dosage, reduced menstruation Cons: risk of uterine perforation or infection, ovarian cysts, PID, expulsion Failure rate = 0.2% |
|
|
Barrier methods |
-safe while breastfeeding -can be applied by individual within time frame before sex occurs
|
|
|
Intra-uterine devices |
Usage: t-shaped device inserted into uterus that inhibits implantation by making uterus inhospitable to sperm Pros: lasts 5 years, less risk of endometrial cancer Cons: risk of irregular bleeding, PID, expulsion Failure rate = 0.6% |
|
|
Cervical barrier methods |
-usually used with spermicide -may increase risk of toxic shock syndrome -no STI protection -unsuitable with vaginal or UTIs
|
|
|
Sponge |
Usage: moisten with water, lasts 12-24 hours, removed 6-8 hours after ejaculation Pros: no prescription, contains spermicide, lasts long Cons: high failure rate if not used correctly Nulliparous - Perfect = 9%, Typical = 16% Parous - Perfect = 20%, Typical = 32% |
|
|
Lea contraceptive |
Usage: place against cervix with rounded tab facing vaginal wall, removed 6-8 hours after sex, can be reused for 6 months Pros: 8 hours of protection, no prescription, one size fits all Cons: must be cleaned after each use Spermicide = 8.7% Without = 12.9% |
|
|
Cervical cap |
Usage: held in place against cervix by suction Pros: silicone, can be left in for 72 hours Cons: can be dislodged during sex, may cause odour Nulli - Perfect = 9%, Typical = 20% Parous - Perfect = 26%, Typical = 40% |
|
|
Diaphragm |
Usage: inserted up to 6 hours before sex and removed within 24 hours, replace every 2 years Pros: reduced risk of cervical dysplasia Cons: difficult to find right spermicide, prescription only, requires fitting Perfect = 6%, Typical = 16% |
|
|
Spermicide |
Usage: paired with barrier methods, only effective for one intercourse Pros: all but VCF can lubricate, no prescription, can reduce risk of PID Cons: contains nonoxynol-9 which may cause irritation and infection (STIs), can be messy and bad tasting Perfect = 18%, Typical = 29%
Vaginal contraceptive film - inserted in vagina at least 15 mins prior to intercourse Bioadhesive jelly - inserted with applicator, effective immediately for 24 hours Foam - applicator, effective immediately for 1 hour Suppositories - inserted 10 mins prior to intercourse, effective for 1 hour Jellies / creams - for diaphragm / cervical cap, effective for 6-8 hours or 1 hour when used alone
|
|
|
Female condom |
Usage: physical barrier traps sperm, inserted up to 8 hours before sex, flexible ring in cervix, outer portion covers vulva Pros: protects against STIs more, made from polyurethane, can be used in anus Cons: bulky, makes noise during sex, expensive Perfect = 5%, Typical 21% |
|
|
Male condom |
Usage: rolled onto penis, must be used with water-based lubricant (latex, polyurethane, silicone) Pros: protects against STIs, readily available and cheap Cons: effective decreases if expired or not stored properly, reduces sensitivity |
|
|
Tubal ligation |
Usage: surgery either laparoscopically or transcervically, seals fallopian tubes through tying, burning, or cutting Pros: after 3 months, never have to think about contraception Cons: no STI protection, side effects, increased risk of ectopic pregnancy |
|
|
Vasectomy |
Usage: surery either through puncture in scrotum or incisions, removes segment from vas deferens and ends are sealed with suture or clips Pros: simple procedure, few complications Cons: potential side effects, need to analyze semen to ensure no more sperm |
|
|
Natural methods |
-reversible -supported by religious groups -no STI protection |
|
|
Fertility awareness methods |
-based on physiology and menstrual cycle -good to gain understanding of body and health -intercourse limited to certain time periods and can be time-consuming -doesn't work with irregular menstrual cycles Sympto-thermal approach - charts basal body temperature, cervical position, and cervical mucus to predict fertility |
|
|
Calendar-based methods |
Rhythm method - based on length of last 12 cycles; shortest cycle minus 20 and longest cycle minus 10 is fertile time Standard-days method - assumes days 8-19 are unsafe for unprotected sex for women whose menstrual cycles are between 26-32 days |
|
|
Lactational amenorrhea |
-breastfeeding causes hormonal suppression of ovulation -98% effective if baby is less than 6 months |
|
|
Abstinence |
-often tied to religious / moral prohibitions against premarital sexual activity -100% effective against pregnancy but not necessarily STIs |
|
|
Reasons for taking sexual risks |
Situational factors -poverty, limited access, substance use/abuse Personality factors -impulsivity, extraversion, neuroticism Relationship factors -abuse and power dynamics |
|
|
Information-motivation-behavioural skills (IMB) model |
-can identify ways to reduce sexual risk-taking -contraceptive info needs to be easy to understand and accessible -individual needs motivation that may come from personal attitudes, social norms, and perceived vulnerability to pregnancy and STIs -behavioural skills developed so he/she is confident to implement birth control strategy -must have access to birth control and discuss it with partner -focused on providing info tailored to individual needs, developing positive attitudes toward contraceptive use, helping individuals build behavioural skills to make good contraception choices |
|
|
Emergency contraception |
-used after intercourse before egg implants in uterine lining Plan B (levonorgestrel) Yuzpe (levonorgestrel, ethinyl estradiol, estrogen) -should be taken max 72 hours after coitus -IUD can be inserted 7 days after coitus, 100% effective |
|
|
Therapeutic abortion |
when health or survival of mother of fetus is at risk |
|
|
Elective abortion |
may be performed because of financial concerns, not feeling ready for child, relationship problems, rape |
|
|
History of abortion |
-Dr. Morgentaler opened abortion clinic in 1969 and was arrested and taken to court, spurring feminist protests and national abortion-rights group -abortion became legal in 1988 |
|
|
Medical abortions |
-can be performed up to 9th week of gestation -injection to stop fetus growth, then ingestion or insertion to cause uterus to contract and expel contents -can cause nausea, headache, fever |
|
|
Manual vacuum aspiration |
-first 7 weeks -tube inserted through cervix and syringe removes contents of uterus by suction -10 mins |
|
|
Vacuum suction curettage |
-6th to 14th week -dilation of cervix with laminaria tents or rod-like dilator instruments, then tube is inserted through cervix into uterus, contents are suctioned out and curette scrapes uterine lining to ensure all of tissue has been removed -10 mins |
|
|
Dilation and evacuation |
-13th to 16th or 24th week -similar to vacuum suction curettage |
|
|
Second and third trimester abortions |
-after 20th week -require feticide -inject substances to stop fetal heart and remove it through cervix and induce labour |
|
|
Public / government adoptions |
less involvement with birth mother |
|
|
Private adoptions |
more control for birth mother |
|
|
History of syphilis |
-one of oldest STIs on record -has been treated with mercury, arsenic -Tuskegee |
|
|
History of HIV |
-simian immunodeficiency virus was probably source when Africans butchered primates for bush meat -AIDS became #1 cause of death in men under 50 in US and Canada |
|
|
AIDS controversy in America |
-characteristics of AIDS-infected individuals and fear of contagion lead to stigma and rejection of people with AIDS, health care providers, and public health personnel trying to prevent the spread -AIDS activists tried to influence gov't to provide care, end discrimination, and facilitate drug availability for people with AIDS in violent ways -AIDS prevention posters at Western deemed obscene and had to be removed from public display -research focused on how to prevent people from getting HIV and less on how to prevent infected people from spreading it
|
|
|
Antiretroviral drug |
-can halt replication of HIV and stop progression from HIV infection to full-blown AIDS -can make HIV manageable -but expensive and have serious side-effects -rates of adherence may decrease |
|
|
Bacterial STIs |
chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, |
|
|
Viral STIs |
herpes, HPV, HIV, hepatitis |
|
|
Other STIs |
trichomoniasis, pubic lice and scabies, moniliasis, bacterial vaginosis |
|
|
Secondary preventative measures |
-sign and symptom awareness -STI screening and testing -Pap tests -adherence to treatment -partner notification |
|
|
Screening for STIs |
-testing in absence of evident symptoms -HPV and HSV cannot be detected |
|
|
Testing for STIs |
when individual believes they may have been exposed |
|
|
Surveying students' definition of having sex |
-involves mutual genital contact and orgasm -if person does not include certain sexual activities in definition of sex, he / she may be less likely to use protection for that behaviour and may not receive proper care / info from doctor |
|
|
Sex |
any solo or partnered activity involving behaviours that are expression of sexual arousal and / or desire |
|
|
Factors affecting age of first intercourse |
-positive emotional family connection, parental disapproval of early sex and contraceptive use, greater parental control, higher academic achievement and participation, greater religiosity all related to later age of first intercourse -exposure to more sexual content on TV related to earlier first intercourse |
|
|
Hymen reconstruction |
-lack of evidence of woman's virginity on wedding night can be source of disgrace to family and may result in divorce of violence -can protect woman's physical, psychological and social well-being |
|
|
Sexual consent |
-clear understanding of what person is consenting to -consent is given freely without coercion or being under the influence |
|
|
Sexual compliance |
when person freely consents to engaging in sexual activity even when he/she doesn't truly want to |
|
|
Traditional sexual script |
cultural-level social script reflected in media and actual sexual practices -touching and kissing considered foreplay -becoming more flexible and varied, focus moving away from intercourse and orgasm |
|
|
Gender differences in fantasizing |
men fantasize more frequently, and more about casual sex -women fantasize more about affection or foreplay |
|
|
Same-sex sexual activity |
-spend more time in sensual non-orgasmic activities -consider them more important and derive more satisfaction from them |
|
|
Frottage |
dry humping |
|
|
Tribadism |
rubbing vulva against person's body |
|
|
Orgasm |
intense sexual arousal that peaks and is followed by contractions of pelvic muscles -affected by individual factors, relational factors, lifestyle factors -viewed as goal of love-making, end of session and indicator of sexual satisfaction -idea that orgasm is supposed to happen can cause performance anxiety |
|
|
Sexual satisfaction |
-reflects interpersonal and affective qualities of sex -quality of sex and intimacy -greater when individuals experience more sexual rewards than costs relative to expectations and greater equality of sexual rewards and costs -want to include more of what is pleasing and less of what is displeasing |
|
|
Online dating |
at least one, if not both, parties have substantial info about the other -relatively stable -intimacy develops quickly |
|
|
Predictors of long relationships |
-healthy communication -effective conflict resolution |
|
|
Satisfaction over time |
-relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and frequency of sex do not necessarily decrease over time -satisfaction fluctuates with life circumstances and age -decrease in sex frequency does not mean decrease in sexual satisfaction |
|
|
Divorce |
-rate for first marriages in Canada is 33% -average length 14.5 years -high chance of remarrying with increased probability of divorce |
|
|
Friends with benefits |
ongoing, sexual, with no sexual or emotional exclusivity required and rarely discussed or revealed to others -men more motivated by desire for sex, hope relationship will stay same -women more motivated by emotional connection and hope relationship will evolve into romantic relationship or platonic friendship -value friendship over sexual activity -not preferred form of sexual relationship |
|
|
Polyamory |
-relationship more based on love than sex -children may suffer from social stigma -partners may have primary relationships with others being considered secondary, or may form unit of triad, quad -some are exclusive, some open -most are public -appeal to bisexuals, transgenders, BDSM |
|
|
Polygyny |
Polygyny = man, Polyandry = woman -tend to be conservative in religious views and lifestyle (associated with Islam and Mormonism) -hierarchy of wives -could be harmful to welfare of women and children; lack of social power, levels levels of education, younger age at marriage and childbirth, isolation from society -women report psychological distress, financial stress, domestic violence, marital problems -children experience more emotional and academic difficulties |
|
|
Swinging |
married couples agreeing to and participating in sex with other individuals, usually at same time -purely sexual, no love -most heterosexual, Caucasian, conservative -drop out because of jealousy and fear of STIs -want to live with other strangers, form emotional attachment with other couple, or want pleasure and fun |
|
|
Open relationships |
emotionally exclusive relationship where both consent to one or both partners having sexual relations without emotional bonds with other people -no partner swapping, not at same time |
|
|
Infidelity |
takes place covertly in context of 'monogamous' relationship -most common reasons for separation and divorce -associated with individual background factors and relational factors -more associated with current complaints than overall dissatisfaction |
|
|
Agenda-setting theory |
-media highlights what we should pay attention to -certain issues become more salient and influence attitudes |
|
|
Cultivation theory |
we develop shared set of values and expectations about reality based on depictions in media -depict sex in similar ways according to societal values and stereotypes |
|
|
Social learning theory |
individuals model attitudes and behaviours after characters they see in media, especially when characters are rewarded |
|
|
Media on sexuality |
-can reinforce unrealistic expectations, irresponsible behaviours and stereotypes -can also educate individuals about sexual health issues, meanings of terms and behaviours and sexual and relationship norms -can provide quick access to reliable info, offer diverse sexual models, and allow vicarious sexual and relationship norms and ideals |
|
|
Internet on sexuality |
-driven by accessibility, affordability and anonymity -online sexual activity grouped into categories of establishing and maintaining relationships, obtaining sexuality info and obtaining sexual gratification -gay and bisexual men make greater use of sexual internet |
|
|
Online sexual activity |
-over-involvement in solitary OSA may result in one partner neglecting his / her responsibilities toward other -online affairs may lead to offline affairs -mild or moderate OSA can benefit relationships |
|
|
Proximity |
familiarity with mere and repeated exposure -fake student experiment LDRs had more distress and less satisfaction, lower certainty about future |
|
|
What is attractive? |
-faces that are averaged and symmetrical -women with lower-than-average BMIs and waist-to-hip ratios; baby face and mature characteristics -men with higher WHRs, more muscle and less fat |
|
|
Reciprocity |
we like people who are attracted to us |
|
|
Similarity |
like attracts like |
|
|
Fertility and attraction |
-women prefer men with more masculine facial features when fertile and more feminine faces during low fertility -men find women more attractive and better smelling when women are fertile |
|
|
Major histocompatibility complex |
-people prefer partners who have MHC genes dissimilar to their own to ensure better immunocompetence for offspring -may affect women's sexual behaviour and attraction to people who aren't their primary partners -MHC similarity bw partners associated with women's decreased sexual responsiveness to partner and increased attraction to other man and higher infidelity |
|
|
Pick-up lines |
-people prefer innocuous and direct pick-up lines over cute-flippant ones -women prefer innocuous more than men -third-party introductions may be most effective |
|
|
Intimacy |
level of commitment and positive affective, cognitive and physical closeness one experiences with partner in reciprocal relationship -characterized by affection, caring, trust, understanding, sharing and togetherness -types include emotional, social, sexual, intellectual, recreational |
|
|
Attachment theory |
formation of relationships in adulthood is shaped by early experiences and attachment to caregivers in childhood |
|
|
Bartholomew's 4 styles of adult attachment |
-positive view of self means internalized sense of self-worth and expecting others to react positively -positive view of others means expecting others to be supportive and available 1) Secure -high SE, can form and maintain intimate relationships without difficulty 2) Preoccupied -often feel unworthy, are dependant on others for approval, and may be needy / demanding -destructive use of anger 3) Fearful -experience low self-worth and actively avoid intimacy for fear of being rejected 4) Dismissing -feel self-reliant and perceive intimacy as unimportant
-people with less secures styles may adopt short-term mating strategy |
|
|
Passionate love |
state of intense longing for union -has behavioural components, cognitive components, emotional components -feelings of euphoria, increased energy, obsessive thinking |
|
|
Compassionate love |
warm state -affectionate and tenderness we feel for soemtone with whom our lives are deeply connected |
|
|
Sternberg's duplex theory of love |
focuses on structure and development of love consists of triangular theory of love and theory of love as a story |
|
|
Love and the brain |
-increased activity in dopamine-rich reward and motivation systems -decreased activity in areas involved in social judgement and negative emotions -shares brain patterns with cocaine use -decreases critical assessment of others |
|
|
Triangular theory of love |
1) Intimacy - feelings of closeness and connection 2) Passion - physical arousal and attraction 3) Commitment - decision that one loves another and to maintain love -liking (intimacy) is friendship -infatuation (passion) is love at first sight -empty love (commitment) where intimacy and attraction has faded or never existed -romantic love (passion + intimacy) -companionate love (intimacy + commitment) is deep friendship -fatuous love (passion + commitment) has high risk of divorce -consummate love (all 3) is complete love
|
|
|
Theory of love as story |
develop own love stories based on personalities, experiences, and media and strive to fulfil them -best are travel story, gardening story, history story, democratic story; worst are horror story, collector story, autocratic gov't story, game story |
|
|
Theory of love styles |
1) Eros: romantic, erotic, passionate love 2) Storge: based on friendship and compatibility 3) Ludus: game-playing, no commitment 4) Pragma: practical rational decision-making 5) Mania: dependent, possessive, obsessive 6) Agape: altruistic, compassionate, givers |
|
|
Two-factor theory of love |
emotions result from interaction of physiological arousal and cognition -passionate love arises when intense physiological arousal is experienced and situational cues prompt person to apply cognitive label to arousal -possible for misattribution of arousal to occur when arousal is misinterpreted as love (bridge study) |
|
|
Optimal sexuality |
components of authenticity, being present, connection with partner, exploration / interpersonal risk-taking, extraordinary communication / heightened empathy, transcendence, vulnerability, deep sexual and erotic intimacy |
|
|
Jealousy |
emotional response to rejection by partner for rival -when situation is perceived as threatening to one's relationship or self-esteem that can lead to physiological arousal, emotions, behaviours -men more jealous of sexual infidelity -women more jealous of emotional infidelity -gay men don't experience great jealousy of sexual infidelity |
|
|
Facebook on jealousy |
-women more jealous with Facebook use -contains info that may be ambiguous and perceived as threatening -infidelity in men predicted by personality variables related to sexual behaviours -infidelity in women predicted by personality and relationship factors |
|
|
Bias for beauty |
good-looking people assumed to be more likeable, interesting, sociable, successful, and talented, but also less responsible and compassionate -attractive people have advantages in workplace and courtroom |
|
|
Self-monitoring |
tendency to regulate social behaviour to meet demands of different social situations -males low in this are interested in substance and personality and talent -males high in this are interested in attractiveness |
|
|
Contraception and attractiveness |
-men rate themselves as less attractive when partner is on HC -women choose less masculine looking partners -lower sexual satisfaction and partner attraction -less likely to separate -fewer one-night stands, fewer partners, more frequent couple sex |
|
|
Non-verbal commnication |
people believe it more -provides info about people's moods and what they really mean, regulates interactions, defines relationships |
|
|
Negative reciprocity |
tendency of partners to maintain or escalate negative communication |
|
|
Demand-withdraw |
one partner pressures other through emotional demands, criticisms, complaints while other retreats through withdrawal, defensiveness, passiveness |
|
|
Gender differences in conflict resolution |
-women encouraged to be expressive and promote unity in relationships, men encouraged to be independent and avoid emotion -women make demands and men withdraw -men react with stronger physiological responses to extreme emotions than women, may find conflict more aversive -women more likely to desire change and discuss while men withdraw -partner who wants change will demand it |
|
|
Barriers to sexual discussion |
-discussion that might identify discrepant sexual desires or preferences bw partners which could threaten relationship -beliefs that talking about sex is immoral -related feelings of embarrassment, shame, guilt -worries about partner responses -assumptions that discussion is unnecessary -beliefs that emotional intimacy leads to closeness -lack of experience of perceived skill discussing issues and feelings of inadequacy |
|
|
Observational methods |
allow for more objective data collection and more depth, but may have negative effects on couples experiencing negative emotions |
|
|
Self-report |
suject to socially desirable responding (impression management vs. self-deception) |
|
|
Perceptual confirmation |
when someone interprets event in way that is consistent with expectations |
|
|
Behavioural confirmation |
we are motivated to behave in ways consistent with expectations |
|
|
Effective listening skills |
can create greater intimacy and enhance understanding -without receptive listener, speaker's message will be lost -make eye contact, give feedback, support efforts, show unconditional positive regard, paraphrase |
|
|
Speaking skillfully |
access soft, more vulnerable emotions -ask yes/no questions, open-ended questions, either/or questions -self-disclose, discuss preferences, give permission
|
|
|
Facial expressions |
-universal and innate -can be faked to exaggerate, minimize, neutralize and mask emotions -faked expressions differ from authentic ones and you can tell them apart (micro-expressions) |
|
|
Gazing behaviour |
varying direction and amount of person's eye contact -communicates interest and affection |
|
|
Gestures |
vary between cultures |
|
|
Interpersonal distance |
1. Intimate zone (hostile or loving) 2. Personal zone 3. Social zone 4. Public zone |
|
|
Gender differences in communication goals |
-men want to convey info, achieve status, challenge others, prevent being pushed around; communication may become contest to give advice and solve problems -women may want to share intimacy, promote closeness, prevent others from pushing them away, share and establish rapport and equality |
|
|
Constructive complaint strategies |
-focus on motivation, choose right time and place, use praise with complaints, take baby steps, express negative emotions appropriately, only express one complaint at a time -use i language |
|
|
Receiving complaints |
-think before reacting -empathize and paraphrase -acknowledge complaint and find something to agree with -ask questions -express feelings -focus on future changes |
|
|
Constructive communication |
1. Levelling and editing -stating thoughts simply, clearly, and honestly -avoid saying deliberately hurtful things -limit comments to issue at hand 2. Validating -indicate partner's point of view is reasonable 3. Volatile dialogue -conflicts, arguments |
|
|
Destructive communication |
-criticism vs. complaining -you language -contempt -defensiveness -stonewalling -belligerence intended to diminish or challenge partner's right to influence patterns of interactions in relationship, one partner trying to control and provoke other in negative way to assert authority |
|
|
Gender |
psychological experience of femaleness and maleness -coined by John Money |
|
|
SRY gene |
on Y chromosome -overrides ovary-promoting gene on X chromosome resulting in testes that secrete androgen to cause masculine body |
|
|
Parental investment theory |
women can only have limited children so their sexual behaviour is more conservative men show greater interest in casual sex and fertile females
|
|
|
Social learning theory |
sexuality is result of observational learning -suggests female sexuality is more malleable than male |
|
|
Social structural theory |
gender differences in sexuality arise because of gendered division of power that emerges from workforce where men control and women are caregivers |
|
|
Gender similarities hypothesis |
men and women are more similar than different -except in throwing, spatial ability, aggression and masturbation |
|
|
Female arousal |
-most women experience automatic genital response to sexual stimuli -women's capacity to experience sexual arousal in response to broad range of stimuli may be explanation for higher levels of lesbians -patterns of sexual arousal and genital response to not correspond to stated sexual attractions -possibly because awareness of genital arousal is not significant factor for determining desire |
|
|
Gender development |
involves detecting gender, having gender, and doing gender -babies can detect gender, toddlers see gender as superficial characteristic, then at 3-4 they recognize gender constancy -monkeys make toy choices similar to human boys and girls |
|
|
Gender socialization on babies |
-people rated baby's responses to different toys differently based on what they thought infant's gender was -baby clothes |
|
|
Gender nonconforming children |
-many gay men and women -many lose gender dysphoria -transmen recall being tomboys -transwomen recall being gender atypical as child |
|
|
Autogynephilia (Type 2 TS) |
transwoman with gender typical childhood attracted to women -no gender dysphoria -feel sexual arousal from dressing in women's clothing and then from imagining self with breasts and vulva -seek transition later in life, cross-dress in secret |
|
|
Transitioning |
1) Psychological and physical evaluation -group therapy -assessed to ensure desire has right reasons 2) Real-life experience -fully transition to social role 3) Hormone-replacement therapy -transmen take testosterone -transwomen take androgen-blocking drugs and estrogen 4) Transition related surgeries -create genitals and contour chest 5) Surgical / endocrinological / psychological follow-up |
|
|
Hijras |
Indian males who dress and act like women -remove genitals and are accorded special status -perform at ceremonies for male babies -have men as sexual partners -live marginalized lives with low SES, often turn to begging or prostitution |
|
|
Bem sex role inventory |
scores distributed along gender continuum -psychologically androgynous if high in masculinity and femininity -undifferentiated if low in both |
|
|
Mahu |
Polynesian male assigned to village that engaged in women's activities and had sex with men -high status -families encouraged or trained sons |
|
|
Bedarche |
Aboriginal male who saved basket instead of bow and arrow from burning bush -wore special clothing, practised female occupations, engaged in relationships with men -often shamans, chanters, dancers, mediators |
|
|
M2F transsexuals (Type 1) |
feminine from early childhood, believe that they are girl or want to become one -distracted by and may conceal changes at puberty -sexually attracted to men |
|
|
Gender dysphoria |
distress that may accompany incongruence between one's experienced gender and one's assigned gender |
|
|
Estrogen administration |
gives more hourglass figure, decrease or cessation of erection |
|
|
Androgen administration |
gives more facial hair and broad shoulders |
|
|
Phalloplasty |
skin for penis taken from arm or inner thigh, skin from clitoris grafted onto glans contains functioning urethra, ejaculation and erection does not occur |
|
|
Metoidioplasty |
allows more of clitoris to pop out of hood |
|
|
Vaginoplasty |
clitoris constructed from top surface of penis, mucosa taken from urethra, glans inverted vagina doesn't naturally lubricate must use dilators to keep vaginal opening wide |
|
|
Costs of transitional surgery |
primary surgery procedures and then secondary procedures to improve functional and cosmetic results -often turn to black market or private practitioners |
|
|
Satisfaction after transitioning |
people have reported overwhelming satisfaction -correlated with young age at reassignment, good mental health, appropriate body build, good support and successful surgery |
