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31 Cards in this Set

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What are the four Sexual Disorders?
1) Sexual Desire Disorders



2) Sexual Arousal Disorders




3) Orgasm Disorders




4) Sexual Pain Disorders

What is the Sexual Response Cycle?
Desire Phase (sexual urges form) -->



Arousal Phase (psychological experience of sexual arousal, vasocongestion + myotonia begin in sex orgasms) -->




Plataea Phase (high but stable level of excitement before orgasm) -->




Orgasm Phase (ejaculation of semen + muscle contractions of vaginal walls and uterus) -->




Resolution Phase (decreased arousal)

What are Sexual Dysfunctions?
A set of disorders in which people have difficulty responding sexually or experiencing sexual pleasure



-dysfunction must be semi-frequent and cause distress and/or interpersonal difficulty

What is Hypoactive Disorder?
-Characterized by little to no sexual desire



-Lifelong/generalizedsexual desire disorder = chronic over course of lifetime




-Acquired hypoactive sexual desire= An aversion that has recently developed




-Situational sexual desire disorder: An aversion to sexual acts performed within a specificsituation

What is Sexual Aversion Disorder?
-Activelyavoiding sexual activities



-May experience acute anxiety or feeling of illness during/after sexualact

What is Female Sexual Arousal Disorder?
Recurrent inability to reach arousal
What is Male Erectile Disorder?
Recurrent inability to maintain full erection
What is Female Orgasmic Disorder?
(aka Anorgasmia): Recurrentdelay or the complete absence of orgasm; greater among postmenopausal women
What is Premature Ejaculation?
Persistent ejaculation with minimal stimulation
What is Dyspareunia?
Genital pain during intercourse
What is Vaginismus?
Involuntary contraction of outer third of muscles in the vagina
What are the biological causes of sexual dysfunction?
-due to general medical condition (e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular disease, spinal cord/ANS injury)



-due to hormonal imbalance (in men, low levels of testosterone, high levels of estrogen; in women, low levels of estrogen)




-due to prescription and/or over-the-counter meds




-use of recreational drugs/alcohol: substance-induced sexual dysfunction

What are psychological causes of sexual dysfunction?
-depression or effects of antidepressants



-attitudes and cognition: negative attitudes toward sex; cultural values about sex; performance anxiety (most common factor to affect male sexual functioning)




-trauma: grief/personal attack/sexual assault; challenging life circumstances (e.g. low ses)




-interpersonal/socio-cultural factors: conflicts between partners about their sexual activity; imbalance of power in relationship; lack of communication

What are cultural factors related to sexual dysfunction?
-differences in cultural beliefs about the healthiness of some sexual activities



e.g. traditional Ayervedic texts express that men should avoid losing semen unnecessarily in order to stay healthy




e.g. Koro: anxiety or fear that the penis is retreating into the body

What are some biological treatments for sexual dysfunction?
-treatment of medical condition causing disorder



-Viagra/Cialis/Levitra specifically for erectiledysfunction




-Hormone-replacementtherapy

What are some psychotherapy and sex therapies for sexual dysfunction?
-Individual and/or Couples Therapy



-Sex Therapy: Focuseson the issues involved in sexual dysfunction; learning how to provide and receive sexual pleasure/masturbationtechniques





What are the different types of therapies/techniques involved in Sex Therapy?
-SensateFocus Therapy: Coupleis instructed to engage in physical exploration of the body without reachingclimax, focusing on experiencing sensations; onepartner is active and the other partner receives the pleasure.



-Techniquesfor treating Premature Ejaculation: Stop-starttechnique (stop stimulation of penisjust before climax); squeezetechnique (when a person nears climax, atight squeeze is applied which reduces erection); these techniquesteach self-control




-Techniquesfor treating Vaginismus: insert object intovagina and practice relaxation techniques

What are Paraphilias?
When sexual activities are the focus of:

1) Nonhumanobjects


2) Nonconsentingadults


3) Suffering/humiliation


4) Prepubescentchildren




-many of these sexual acts or urges are seen as "deviant" forms of gratification

What is Fetishism?
-Use of nonhuman objects for sexual arousal or gratification (ex: leather gloves); they desire the object itself (ex: the glove on the hand, not the hand itself or the person)
-more common in men
What is Transvestic Fetishism?
Dressingin or fondling clothing items symbolic of the opposite sex (ex: a bra)
What is Transvestism?
An individual may engage in “cross dressing” forreasons other than sexual pleasure. (Differentiated from transvestic fetishism)
What is Sadomasochism?
(Sexual Sadism) Fantasies/urges/behaviors that involveinflicting pain and/or humiliation onsex partner
What is Sexual Masochism?
Fantasies/urges/behaviors involve having painand/or humiliation inflicted on selfby sex partner
What is Voyeurism?
Sexual arousal occurs while watching anon-consenting individual while nude as a preferred form of sexual arousal.
What is Exhibitionism?
Obtainssexual gratification by exposing genitalia to non-consenting individuals.
What is Frotteurism?
Individualgains sexual gratification by rubbing against and/or fondling non-consentingindividuals; can co-occur with voyeurism andexhibitionism
What is Pedophilia?
Individualgains sexual pleasure by engaging in sexual acts with underage and/ornon-consenting individuals
What is Gender Identity Disorder?
Youngadults hold a gender identity that is not the same gender identified by theirsex organs; the individual rejects theiranatomic sex; often wears clothing of theopposite gender, but not for sexual gratification



-Sexual orientation is not a factorin this disorder.




-Gender Identity: This is one’s ownperception if they are a female or male.

What is the main biological theory of paraphilias?
Alterations in the development of the CNS (central nervous system?)
What are the behavioral theories for paraphilias?
-Operant Conditioning: pairing of an inappropriate stimulus with masturbation reinforces desire



-Social Learning Theory: observing high levels of aggression andimpulsivity in childhood home makes an individual more likely to engage inaggressive and impulsive behaviors later in life

What are some treatments for Paraphilias?
-Castration (reduces levels of testosterone)



-Prescription of antiandrogens (reduces levels of testosterone)




-Satiation Therapy: masturbating to orgasm while fantasizing about appropriate sexual situations




-Covert Sensitization (Aversion Therapy): patient is exposed to pain/unpleasant images while viewing images of stimulus they were initially attracted to