Sensse Organs

Front 1

Astigmatism

Back 1

Astigmatism is an abnormal condition in which light rays cannot come to a single point of focus on the retina because of irregular curvature of the cornea or lens. The condition usually can be treated with glasses or contact lenses that correct the refractive error.

Front 2

Myopia
Nearsightedness

Back 2

Refractive error is the most common visual problem, and myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most frequently occurring type of refractive error. Causes of myopia include elongation of the eyeball and excessive deflection of light by the refracting media such that the rays are focused in front of the retina.

Front 3

Hyperopia
Farsightedness

Back 3

also called hypermetropia and farsightedness, the rays of light entering the eye are brought into focus at a point behind the retina, which causes the perceived image to appear blurred. Hyperopia occurs when the lens lacks adequate focusing power or the eyeball is too short.

Front 4

Presbyopia

Back 4

As we age, the structures of the eye undergo a loss of elasticity. That loss reduces the ability of the lens to accommodate variations in distance. As a result, an age-associated hyperopia, called presbyopia, develops (presby/o means old age). Using corrective lenses for near vision compensates for this.

Front 5

Blepharitis

Back 5

Inflammation of the eyelid is called blepharitis.

Front 6

Hordeolum

Back 6

hordeolum, or sty, and is caused by a bacterial infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid. The affected area of the lid becomes red, swollen, and tender.

Front 7

Chalazion

Back 7

A chalazion is another abnormal condition involving the eyelid. It is a small localized swelling, or granuloma, caused by chronic inflammation of the lid's sebaceous glands (also called meibomian glands), which are located along the margin of the eyelid. A chalazion may develop from a hordeolum or may occur as a primary inflammatory response. While its initial treatment is similar to that for a sty, surgical correction—incision and drainage—is frequently necessary.

Front 8

Xanthelasma

Back 8

A raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid, caused by a lipid disorder

Front 9

blepharoptosis,

Back 9

a drooping of the eyelid, is caused by neuromuscular difficulties—either congenital or acquired by trauma.

Front 10

Ectropion

Back 10

is an outward (ec- = out or outside) sagging, or eversion, of the eyelid (-tropia means to turn), which can lead to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration.

Front 11

entropion,

Back 11

is an inversion (en- = in or within) of the eyelid in which the eyelashes actually rub against the eye, leading to possible corneal abrasion.

Front 12

Diabetic Retinopathy

Back 12

A complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the blood vessels of the retina.

macular edema resulting from fluid leakage from the blood vessels, or the rupture of the new blood vessels, which bleed into the vitreous, causing blurred vision.

Front 13

Hemianopsia

Back 13

is caused by brain damage (often from stroke) in which damage to nerve cells in one cerebral cortex (right or left) will cause loss of vision in the opposite visual field (VF); hemi = half; an- = without; and -opsia = vision condition.

Front 14

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Back 14

It is the progressive deterioration of the macula of the retina and the choroid layer of the eye.
Two types of macular degeneration occur. The "wet" type is characterized by the formation of new and fragile vessels that leak blood; the "dry" type involves atrophy and deterioration of retinal cells, along with deposits of clumps of extracellular debris, or drusen.

Front 15

Retinal Detachment

Back 15

a separation in the layers of the retina. As the separation becomes complete, fluid accumulates between the layers and blindness can result.
Signs of retinal detachment are floaters in the visual field—clumps of vitreous humor that look like black spots in the field of vision; patients may also see bright flashes of light (phot/o), a condition called photopsia (-opsia means vision condition).

Front 16

Glaucoma

Back 16

In glaucoma, outflow of the aqueous humor is blocked, causing an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma may occur as a primary disorder (e.g., as primary open-angle glaucoma or POAG) or it may develop secondary to systemic illness or trauma.

Front 17

Strabismus
(Lazy eye)

Back 17

Strabismus involves the inability of the eyes to focus simultaneously on the same object.

Front 18

Esotropia

Back 18

Different forms of strabismus include esotropia, characterized by an inward (eso-) deviation or turning (-tropia) of one eye;

Front 19

Exotropia,

Back 19

Exotropia, in which one eye turns outward (exo-); and hypertropia, wherein one eye deviates upward; in this context, the prefix hyper- means above.

Front 20

Diplopia
Amblyopia

Back 20

attributable to muscle weakness include diplopia, double (dipl/o) vision (-opia), and amblyopia, a partial loss of vision (ambly/o means dull or dim).

Front 21

Nystagmus

Back 21

a condition characterized by repetitive, rhythmic eye movements of one or both eyes—is usually caused by brain tumors or diseases of the inner ear.

Front 22

Cataract

Back 22

A cataract is a progressive, abnormal condition of the lens characterized by a loss of transparency. Most cataracts are produced by degenerative changes that accompany the aging process

Front 23

Dacryoadenitis

Back 23

Inflammation can occur in a lacrimal or tear (dacry/o) gland (aden/o), called dacryoadenitis, but if it occurs in the lacrimal sac, it is called dacryocystitis

Front 24

Conjunctivitis

Back 24

inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctiv/o)

Front 25

xerophthalmia,

Back 25

Dry eye, or xerophthalmia, is a lack of adequate tear production and eye lubrication: -ia = condition; xer/o = dry; -ophthalm/o = eye.