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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the alterations in ocular movement called?
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- strabismus
- amblyopia - diplopia - nystagmus |
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What is strabismus?
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- Abnormal deviation of one eye while trying to focus
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What is amblyopia?
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- Loss of part of visual field
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What is diplopia?
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- Double vision
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What is nystagmus?
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- Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of eyes
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What is the pathology of strabismus?
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- Neuromuscular disorder resulting in weak or hypertonic extra ocular muscles(s) in affected eye -> deviation of one eye when trying to focus &/or diplopia (double vision)
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How to diagnose strabismus?
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- Abnormal cardinal field of gaze
- Abnormal light reflex - Abnormal cover/uncover test |
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What are possible complications of strabismus?
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- Amblyopia (permanent loss of part of visual field)
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What affects altered visual acuity (4)?
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- Cataracts
- Papilledema - Glaucoma - Macular degeneration |
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What are cataracts?
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- A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight to complete opacity
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What is papilledema?
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- optic nerve disorder in which swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated with an increase in intraocular pressure
- Edema & hyperemia (increased blood flow) of optic disc, blurring or optic margins |
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What is glaucoma?
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- Glaucoma is the result of increased pressure within the eye leading to damage of the optic nerve (which carries the images we see to the brain).
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What is macular degeneration?
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- Eye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision; can cause blindness
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Cataracts are…
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- #1 cause of curable blindness
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Risks of getting Cataracts are:
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- Aging, DM, trauma, radiation, steroids, congenital (born with b/c of rubella)
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What is the pathology of cataracts?
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1) Electrolyte/protein changes in lens
2)decreased O2 uptake/H2O retention, later = dehydration 3)opacity of lens |
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What are S/S of cataracts?
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- blurring, diplopia, photophobia, cloudy lens, distorted/absent red reflex
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What is papilledema caused by?
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- Increased pressure in brain; papilledema = never normal
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What does glaucoma affect?
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- affects peripheral vision
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Leading cause of new blindness =
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- Glaucoma
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What are the risks of getting glaucoma?
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- DM, HTN, genetics, age > 40, myopia
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What is the pathology of Glaucoma?
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- increased IOP (intraocular pressure) damages nerve fibers in retina -> atrophy optic nerve -> cloudy vision & gradual loss of peripheral vision
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How to diagnose Glaucoma?
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- Normal Pressure = 12-20mmHg (tonometer)
- increased IOP > 20 = bad - Cupping of optic disk or pale optic disk |
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What are the two types of Glaucoma?
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- Open (wide) Angle
- Narrow (closed) Angle |
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Characteristics of Open Angle Glaucoma:
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- Most common
- Insidious = no early S/S - Problem = outflow obstruction of aqueous humor at trabescular meshwork or canal of Schlemm -> increased IOP - NO narrowing of angle - Gradual loss of peripheral vision, usually no pain |
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Characteristics of Narrow Angle Glaucoma:
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- narrowing of angle for drainage of aqueous humor (caused by: pupillary dilation can narrow causing acute increase IOP -> blindness)
- Acute = blurring of vision, red eye, dilated pupil, PAIN |
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Macular Degeneration is the most common cause of?
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- Legal blindness
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What are the risks of Macular Degeneration?
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- Age > 65
- increased UV rays - Trauma - Viruses - Genetics - HTN - Smoking - DM |
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What is the pathology of Macular Degeneration?
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- Degeneration of macula (send of vision); NO peripheral vision loss & IRREVERSIBLE
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What are the types of Macular Degeneration?
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1) Atrophic (dry)
2) Neovascular (wet) |
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What are common Accommodation/Refraction errors?
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- Prebyopia = farsightedness r/t loss accommodation r/t aging
- Myopia = nearsightedness r/t shape of eyeball or refraction error -> light rays focused in front of retina when looking at distant object - Hyperopia = farsightedness r/t refraction error -> light rays focused behind retina when looking at near objects - Astigmatism = unequal curvature of cornea |
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What is retinal detachment?
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- hole or tear in retina allowing vitreous humor to enter & separate retina from epithelium -> decreased blood supply -> causing RETINAL DEATH
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What are the S/S of retinal detachment?
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- Sudden floaters
- Loss of peripheral vision - Shadows - NO PAIN - can be spontaneous esp. for elderly |
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What is Conjunctivitis aka Pink Eye?
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- Inflammation of conjunctiva -> causes increase of vascular injection (bulbar & pleural conjunctiva)
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Etiologies of Conjunctivitis:
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- Acute bacterial = very contagious with purulent drainage
- Viral + contagious - Allergic - Chemical |
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What are common hearing disorders?
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1) Conductive Hearing loss = loss of sound transmission due to problems r/t external canal &/or middle ear
2) Sensorineural hearing Loss = loss of sound transmission due to problems r/t inner ear or central connection (temporal lobe) |
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What are S/S of hearing loss?
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- Loud TV/radio
- Poor interaction with groups - Unusually soft or loud voice - Frequently asks for repetition or answers inappropriately - turns head to one side during interaction |
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Etiologies of Conductive Hearing Loss (external or middle ear):
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- Foreign body, cerumen (aka wax; common in elderly), fluid & pus
- Otitis externa = inflammation external ear cannel (eg: swimmer’s ear, canal erythemic with clear or purulent drainage, pain/tenderness with retract earlobe) - Otitis media = inflammation/infection of middle ear - Otosclerosis = autosomal dominant genetic fixation of stapes -> progressive loss sound transmission - Mastoiditis = inflammation/infection mastoid process -> increase risk for meningitis |
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Risks for Otitis Media (middle ear):
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- Age < 2 (b/c Eustachian tube shorter, wider, & more horizontal than adult)
- Winter - URI - Barotrauma - Allergies - Sinusitis |
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What is Serious Otitis Media?
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- acute or chronic inflammatory response -> collection sterile serious fluid behind tympanic membrane -> bubbling, popping, cracking sensation, & decreased conductive hearing, irritability & pain
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What is Suppurative Otitis Media?
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- acute or chronic infection of middle ear -> causes pain (RED, BULGING TM), fever, irritability, decreased conductive hearing with risk for perforated tympanic membrane (eardrum), mastoiditis, meningitis, brain abscess, & permanent hearing loss
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What is the Tympanic membrane in Otitis Media?
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- inflamed and bulging
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What are the etiologies/risks for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (Inner Ear)?
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- Congenital, hereditary, rubella, excess noise, aging, ototoxicity, tumors, metabolic diseases, unknown
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What is Meniere’s disease?
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- chronic disorder due to progressive excess of endolymph causing increased pressure in inner ear -> INCREASE SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS, VERTIGO, TINNITUS, NAUSEA & VOMITTING
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What is prebycusis?
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- age-related degeneration of basilar cochlear membrane & hair cells plus loss of neurons Organ of Corti & temporal cortex, vascular changes & greatest loss of high frequencies
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Glaucoma:
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blindness, peripheral vision loss, obstruction acqueous humor trabecular meshwork
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retinal detachment: S/S
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abrupt floaters & loss of peripheral vision
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cataracts - what can you do to prevent?
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wearing sunglasses minimizes risk
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macular degeneration
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blindnees more in elder, central vision loss
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80 yr old with Meniere's disease/syndrome, focus on:
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safety due to vertigo
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common conductive hearing disorder in children
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otitis media
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