Sense Organs Chapter 16

Front 1

types of Receptors

Back 1

chemoreceptors

thermoreceptors

nociceptors

mechanoreceptors

photoreceptors

Front 2

chemoreceptors

Back 2

respond to chemicals
-includes taste and smell

Front 3

thermoreceptors

Back 3

respond to temperature changes

Front 4

nociceptors

Back 4

pain receptors

Front 5

mechanoreceptors

Back 5

respond to physical stimulation
-includes pressure, touch, vibration, stretch
-includes skin receptors, balance and hearing of ear, proprioceptors of tendons and joints

Front 6

photoreceptors

Back 6

respond to light; eyes

Front 7

Referred Pain

Back 7

site of pain perception is different from the site of actual sensory stimulation

ex: pain of heart attack (ischemia in heart muscle) felt in left arm

useful in diagnosing organ dysfunctions

Front 8

caused by branching of nerves

Back 8

-nerve stimulated by heart muscle also branches to left arm
-stimulation from either area sends signal to brain; brain cannot tell which area it came from

Front 9

Pain

Back 9

slow-adapting receptors; a protective mechanism

Front 10

fast pain

Back 10

(first or acute pain)
-sharp, stabbing

Front 11

slow pain

Back 11

(second or chronic pain)
-dull, aching

Front 12

somatic pain

Back 12

in skin, muscles, joints

Front 13

visceral pain

Back 13

from internal organs

Front 14

Taste

Back 14

gustation; gustatory receptors

Front 15

gustatory receptors

Back 15

respond to tastants

Fast adapting

Front 16

specific regions of tongue respond to the 4 taste categories (and one new one)

Back 16

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and a recently added new one, umami

Front 17

Gustatory Pathway

Back 17

receptors >Cerebral Cortex (taste is perceived)

also a branch to hypothalamus for gag & vomit reflex

Front 18

most sensitive to?

*taste

Back 18

bitter

Front 19

Smell

Back 19

olfaction, olfactory receptors

Front 20

olfactory receptors

Back 20

chemoreceptors; respond to odorants

Front 21

olfactory receptors Facts

Back 21

humans can perceive up to 10,000 odors
-the combination of receptors stimulated determines what is perceived

Front 22

anatomy of olfactory receptors in roof of nasal cavity

Back 22

-go through holes in cribifrom plate of ethmoid bone
-then up to olfactory bulbs (cranial nerve I)
-then to cerebral cortex for perception
-also to limbic system for memory & emotion response

Front 23

Hearing

Back 23

mechanoreceptors; respond to sound waves

Front 24

Receptor Location

*Hearing

Back 24

hair cells in cochlea

Front 25

receptors respond to

*Hearing

Back 25

-pitch (high or low sound)
-loudness

Front 26

pathway of vibration

Back 26

pinna > auditory canal > tympanic membrane > malleus > incus > stapes > oval window > fluid within cochlea > tectorial membrane > hair cells > vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) > cerebral cortex (perception)

Front 27

Equilibrium

Back 27

mechanoreceptors of ear

receptors are hair cells in vestibule and semicircular canals

Front 28

static equilibrium

Back 28

-perception of head orientation when body is stationary
-perceived by saccule and utricle (parts of vestibule)

Front 29

dynamic equilibrium

Back 29

-perception of motion or acceleration
-two types of acceleration:
-linear acceleration: change in speed in a straight line, like in an elevator; detected by saccule and utricle

Front 30

angular acceleration

Back 30

change in speed with rotation; detected by semicircular canals; like a gymnast, or when bending over

Front 31

function of saccule and utricle

Back 31

-gel-like otolithic membrane “sloshes” with movement
-this moves the hair cells
-signal goes to vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

Front 32

function of semicircular canals

Back 32

-three loops in different planes
-detects 3 motions of head: shaking head “no”, nodding head “yes” and tilting head side to side (as if touching ear to shoulder)
-important in gymnastics!
-gel-like substance in canals “sloshes” to move hair cells
-signal travels to vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

Front 33

Vision

Back 33

photoreceptors in retina detect light

Front 34

pathway of light

Back 34

cornea > aqueous humor > pupil of iris > lens > vitreous humor (body) > retina > rod and cone cells > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve (cranial nerve II) > cerebral cortex

Front 35

CNS

Back 35

brain and spinal cor

Front 36

PNS

Back 36

cranial and spinal nerves, and their extensions

Front 37

sensory subdivision (from sensory receptors > CNS)

Back 37

-visceral sensory (from viscera)
-somatic sensory (from skin, muscle, bone, joints)

Front 38

motor subdivision (from CNS > effector)

Back 38

-visceral motor (to involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands)
-sympathetic (increases HR, BP, BR)
-parasympathetic (decreases HR, BP, BR)
-somatic motor (to voluntary skeletal muscles, and includes involuntary reflexes