Sensation & Perception - Quiz 1

Front 1

three problems Fechner had to solve in psychophysics

Back 1

(1) the problem of detection; (2) the problem of discrimination; (3) the problem of scaling

Front 2

how big of a difference does there have to be between two stimuli for us to detect that there is two different stimuli

Back 2

the problem of discrimination

Front 3

the point where the proportion of "YES" responses goes from 0 to 100

Back 3

Fechner's Absolute Threshold

Front 4

"lifted the sensation ... over the threshold of consciousness"

Back 4

Fechner on Absolute Threshold

Front 5

a way to measure sensation intensity

Back 5

the problem of scaling

Front 6

being able to attach a learned label or category name to the stimulus we encountered

Back 6

the problem of identification

Front 7

a function that relates a physical intensity to some measure of psychological thinking

Back 7

psychometric function

Front 8

two techniques Fechner gave us to determine the absolute threshold of a stimulus

Back 8

(1) the method of limits; (2) the method of constant stimuli

Front 9

start high and hen decrease until you cross the threshold; then start low and increase slowly until you cross the threshold to produce an interval that the threshold must exist within

Back 9

the method of limits

Front 10

pick seven to ten different intensities (some high and some low) and present randomly some number of times and figure out threshold from there

Back 10

the method of constant stimuli

Front 11

two things that Fechner knew people would tend to do in the method of limits and the method of constant stimuli

Back 11

(1) they anticipate (error of anticipation); (2) they perseverate with on answer (error of perseveration)

Front 12

the shape of the theoretical absolute threshold

Back 12

staircase

Front 13

the shape of the actual absolute threshold

Back 13

S-shaped

Front 14

the mind and body are two entities

Back 14

dualism

Front 15

the mind and body are one entity

Back 15

monism

Front 16

the stimulus intensity that observers detect 50% of the time (when the probability of saying "YES" is the same as the probability of saying "NO")

Back 16

the absolute threshold as compromised by psychophysicists

Front 17

how different do two stimuli have to be in order for you to know they are two different stimuli

Back 17

the difference threshold

Front 18

use a standard stimulus (stays the same) and create an interval in which the observers cannot tell the difference between the standard and the comparisons

Back 18

determining the difference threshold

Front 19

the interval in which the observers cannot tell the difference between the standard and the comparison in determining the difference threshold

Back 19

the interval of uncertainty

Front 20

the actual intensity of the standard stimulus

Back 20

the point of objective equality (POE)

Front 21

the interval of uncertainty divided by two

Back 21

the "just noticeable difference" (JND)

Front 22

the midpoint of the interval of uncertainty

Back 22

the point of subjective equality (PSE)

Front 23

the thing presented is perceived to be less intense than what is presented after

Back 23

negative time error

Front 24

why might it be that the PSE is almost always slightly lower than the POE

Back 24

negative time error

Front 25

this test will always provide a smooth (S-like) curve

Back 25

the method of constant stimuli

Front 26

the interval of uncertainty is found within what percent markers on the curve of the method of constant stimuli graph

Back 26

25 and 75%

Front 27

JND/POE = ?

Back 27

a constant (Weber's law)

Front 28

is yo uplot JND/POE on the Y and POE on the x you get ..?

Back 28

a straight line

Front 29

first experimented with taboo words

Back 29

McDiminis

Front 30

used ascendind method of limits to determine how long words need to be on a screen in order to be perceived

Back 30

McDiminis

Front 31

threshold for taboo words in McGuinty's experiments was ___ that normal words

Back 31

longer

Front 32

two problems with McGuinty experiments

Back 32

(1) hesitancy to report a taboo word; (2) frequency of words

Front 33

a variable that concomitantly with the IV

Back 33

confounded variable

Front 34

did an experiment to determine if frequency of words in taboo word experiments

Back 34

Howes and Solomon

Front 35

Howes and Solomon found that threshold was directly related to ___

Back 35

frequency

Front 36

used a bunch of non-words to control for confounds of frequency

Back 36

Solomon and Vostman

Front 37

the results found by Solomon and Vostman were ___ as Howes and Solomon

Back 37

the same

Front 38

wanted to show that the results of Howes and Solomon and Solomon and Vostman were not necessarily due to perception but to biases

Back 38

Goldiamond and Hawkins

Front 39

did not actually present any words to observers

Back 39

Goldiamond and Hawkins

Front 40

recognizes that any stimulus must be detected among a background of ongoing internal noise in our sensory system and in the environment

Back 40

theory of signal detection

Front 41

there is no absolute threshold in this; just requires the participant to answer "YES" or "NO"

Back 41

theory of signal detection

Front 42

the difference in activity due to random noise and activity due to the signal (what the tone has done to you)

Back 42

d(prime)

Front 43

the criterion you create for yourself (if it's higher you respond yes, if it's lower you respond no)

Back 43

Beta

Front 44

independent of the biases you bring to the experiment

Back 44

d(prime)

Front 45

ROC curve is?

Back 45

receiver operating characteristic curve

Front 46

two main factors that determine where you put your criterion

Back 46

(1) the probability that there will be a stimulus there; (2) payoff matrix of differential payoff

Front 47

P(A/B)

Back 47

the probability of A occurring if B occurred

Front 48

P(i/S) / P(i/N)

Back 48

the equation for developing your beta

Front 49

in the equation P(i/S) what are i and s

Back 49

i = the impression and s = the stimulus so this is the probability of your impression when a stimulus is present

Front 50

if P(i/S) / P(i/N) is greater than 1

Back 50

answer YES

Front 51

if P(i/S) / P(i/N) is less than 1

Back 51

answer NO

Front 52

the likelihood ratio

Back 52

P(i/S) / P(i/N)

Front 53

people who use the likelihood ratio are known as ___

Back 53

ideal observers

Front 54

changes in the physical stimulus result in a change in the apparent quantity of the psychological experience

Back 54

prothetic continua

Front 55

asks the question "how much of X is there?"

Back 55

scaling

Front 56

understanding the relationship between the physical intensity of a stimulus and the psychological intensity of a stimulus

Back 56

scaling

Front 57

the idea that there is some function of the stimulus that is the response

Back 57

the stimulus response paradigm

Front 58

the third "link" in the chain of the stimulus response paradigm

Back 58

output

Front 59

the psychophysical function

Back 59

Ψ = F(Φ)

Front 60

a scale that only reflects differences (like applying a label in terms of a dimension that you are interested in)

Back 60

nominal

Front 61

a scale that shows the direction of the numbers is meaningful (can show the difference between things but the difference is not numerically meaningful)

Back 61

ordinal

Front 62

scale that shows the difference between the labels means something (numerically)

Back 62

interval

Front 63

scale that offers an absolute zero and enables you to say something is twice as loud or twice as heavy

Back 63

ratio

Front 64

Fechner proposed that the psychophysical function was a ___ function

Back 64

logarithmic

Front 65

Fechner's psychophysical function

Back 65

Ψ = Klog(Φ)

Front 66

the two assumptions that Fechner made

Back 66

(1) Weber's law is correct; (2) JNDs are psychologically equivalent

Front 67

trying to figure things out by going at it from a different direction or principle

Back 67

indirect scaling

Front 68

simply asking people

Back 68

direct scaling

Front 69

studied magnitude estimation

Back 69

SS Stevens

Front 70

Stevens said that the psychophysical function can look like a log function sometimes but it actually is a ___ function

Back 70

power

Front 71

Steven's equation

Back 71

Ψ = K(Φ)^n

Front 72

if n is greater than 1, the graph is ___

Back 72

smiley

Front 73

if n is less than 1, the graph is ___

Back 73

frowny

Front 74

if the n is equal to 1, the graph is ___

Back 74

straight

Front 75

creating a ratio that compares a comparison stimulus to a standard stimulus is known as ___

Back 75

magnitude estimation

Front 76

Stevens found that doing this a number of times will not always give you the log shape

Back 76

magnitude estimation

Front 77

if the power law is a correct description of the relation between magnitude estimations of sensation intensities and stimulus intensity and stimulus intensity then logs of the magnitude estimates plotted against the logs of the stimulus will result in ____

Back 77

a straight line

Front 78

a technique in which verbal responses are not required and two senses are used instead

Back 78

cross modality matching