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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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selective attention |
focusing on specific objects and filtering out others two ways attention is selected: - endogenous---> you choose - exogenous----> environment chooses; things that draw our attention to it |
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saccades |
small, rapid eye movements - moving eye to take in new info |
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fixations |
pauses in eye movements that indicate where a person is attending or focusing on - approximately 3 fixations per second |
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stimulus salience |
areas of stimuli that EXOGENOUSLY capture attention due to their properties - color, contrast, orientation, brightness |
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inattentional blindness |
stimulus is not perceived even when the person is looking directly at it - when not paying attention to certain features example: curtains change color but person doesn't notice because paying attention to something else |
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change blindness |
a change from one image to another is not noticed - not paying attention to area so doesn't see change - real objects in the environment change with some type of movement, which is why we normally don't experience change blindness |
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physical definition of sound |
sound is PRESSURE CHANGES in the air or other medium - the cycle of alternating high-and low- pressure regions that travel through the air |
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perceptual definition of sound |
sound is the EXPERIENCE we have when we hear |
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high pressure of sound |
condensation (air pushed together) |
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low pressure of sound |
rarefication/rarefaction (air pulled apart) |
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frequency |
the number of pressure cycles within a given time period - how frequent waves occur - measured in Hertz (Hz) - 1 Hz is one cycle per second |
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sound pitch |
the PERCEPTION of frequency - low pitch---> cycles fewer times/sec - high pitch--> cycles more times/sec |
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amplitude |
difference in pressure between highest and lowest peaks of wave - how intense the pressure change is - sound loudness is the perception of amplitude - HIGH AMP= LOUD - LOW AMP= SOFT |
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do low or high frequencies travel further? |
low frequencies travel further |
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audibility curve |
lowest intensity sound we can detect (threshold of hearing) |
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threshold of feeling |
you detect the sound wave with nerves in your skin |
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auditory response area |
between the audibility curve and the threshold of feeling |
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timbre |
all other perceptual aspects of a sound besides loudness and pitch |
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first harmonic/ fundamental frequency |
is the lowest frequency tone |
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purpose of the fundamental frequency |
determines how often the complex tone repeats (aka periodicity) and therefore pitch |
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octaves |
the difference between two notes - is doubling the fundamental frequency of that note |
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pinna |
helps with sound location |
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auditory canal |
protects the tympanic membrane at the end of the canal - amplifies frequencies between 1000 and 5000 Hz |
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what does the outer ear consists of |
- pinna - auditory canal |
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middle ear |
two cubic centimeter cavity separating inner from outer ear |
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what does the middle ear contain |
contains three ossicles: - malleus -incus -stapes |
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malleus |
moves due to the vibration of the tympanic membrane |
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incus |
transmits vibrations of malleus |
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stapes |
transmit vibrations of incus to the inner ear via the oval window of the cochlea |
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what is the general purpose of the ossicles |
amplify vibration for better transmission to the fluid |
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tympanic membrane |
vibrates when pressure waves hit it and makes bone vibrate - helps protect inner ear
receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles |
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what is the main structure of the inner ear |
cochlea |
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cochlea |
- is set into vibration by the staoes - divided into the SCALA VESTINULI and SCALA TYPANI by the cochlear partition |
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scala tympani |
helps reduce pressure; receives pressure from apex and ends up at round window |
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round window |
absorbs pressure wave |
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what is the main structure of the inner ear |
chochlea |
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how is the liquid inside the chochlea set into vibration |
the stapes pushes against the oval window |
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what part of the ear contains the organ of corti |
chochlear partition which is part of the cochlea |
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interaural time difference (ITD) |
difference between the times sounds reach the two ears - when distance to each ear is the same, there is no differences in time (front or behind) - when distance to ears is differe,t there is a difference (on sides) |
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interaural level difference (ILD) |
difference in pressure level reaching the two ears - only works for HIGHER FREQUENCIES - does NOT tell anything about distance of sound or elevation, or if above, below or front or back |
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where are narrowly tuned ITD neurons located |
inferior colliculus and superior olivary nuclei |
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importance of narrowly tuned ITD neurons |
- receive signals from both eats |
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cones of confusion |
we don't know the exact location of the sound - hard to determine if sound is coming from up/down, front/back or distance of sound |
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onset time |
when sounds start at the same time, must come from the same source |
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location proximity |
if single sound source tends to come from one location and to move continuously |
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proximity in time |
sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source |
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similarity in timbre and pitch |
similar sounds are grouped together - high and low tones are alternating |
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auditory continuity |
sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are usually from the same source. fills in missing sounds |
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effect of past experience |
meaningfulness, familiarity |
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intimacy time |
time between when sound leaves its source and when the first reflection arrives |
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precedence effect |
when listeners hear the sound as only coming from the first sounds location due to a dely |
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what creates echos |
when there is enough time between two sounds from different locations, they sound like different sounds |
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bass ratio |
ratio of low and high frequencies reflected from surfaces - high based ratio---> warmth: HIGH frequencies absorbed -low based ratio---> LOW frequencies absorbed |
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spaciousness factor |
fraction of all the sound received by listener that is indirect |
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skin |
- heaviest organ - keeps damaging agents from penetrating body - Epidermis = outer layer made out of dead skin cells - Dermis = below epidermis; contains MECHANORECEPTERS |
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merkel receptor |
- fires continuously while stimulus is present---> when something touches your skin for a long time - senses FINE details |
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meissner corpuscle |
- fires only when a pressure first applied and when removed; sensitive to gradual offset and onset pressure - SLOW EX: hand grip |
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ruffini cylinder |
- fires continuously to stimulation - detects STRETCHING OF SKIN |
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pacinian corpuscle |
- fires only when a pressure first applied and hen removed FAST - senses rapid vibration due to fast onset and offset |
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two point thresholdq |
minimum separation needed between two points to perceive them as two units |
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how can we perceive texture |
1. merkel receptors = gross details - good for feeling bigger details 2. pacinian corpuscle = FINE DETAILS - senses vibration, not pressure - can rub clothes to feel texture |
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parchment skin allusion |
the sound youre hearing affects your sense of touch EX: writing on chalkboard feels like it's dry, brittle, etc... but its actually due to the sound chalk makes to make it seem that the board isn't smooth |
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comb illusion |
when you feel something on skin on one part, but then feel it on another part, assum it moved |
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pain threshold |
point at which sensation becomes pain - most people have about same threshold |
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pain tolerance |
amount of pain a person can handle without breaking down, either physically or mentally - people have different pain tolerance level |
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nociceptive pain |
- involves nociceptors---> detects something that may damage your body - impending damage to skin - fast sharp pain (superficial) |
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inflammatory pain |
- involves nociceptors---> ecomes sensitive and the littlest things can make receptors fire - damage to ligaments, tendons, bones, muscles - "slow" dull pain (deep somatic) |
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neuropathic pain |
- damage or malfunction of nerves or brain caused by traima, infection , autoimmune disease, genetics - carpa; tunnel is an example |
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microsmatic |
humans are this type - we are good at discriminating smells but BAD at identifying smells |
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the 5 tastes |
SWEETNESS---> associated with substances that have nutritive value BITTER---> pottentially harmful SALTY---> indicates presence of sodium SOUR---> indicates acids (usually vitamins) UMAMI----> meaty, brothy, or savory and associated with protein |
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filiform papillae |
shaped like cones and located over entire surface of tongue - NOT FOR TASTE - move food toward back of mouth |
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fungiform papillae |
shaped like mushrooms and found on side and tip |
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foliate papillae |
series of fold on back and sides |
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circumvallate |
shaped like flat mounds in a trench located at back |
